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agree, but i'm just trying to get the point across that in this situation: int x = 0; int p = &x;, the p takes up 4 bytes on the stack. I know it is possible to say (new int) to allocate the pointer itself on the hyou an modify if you'd like to be more explicit there, but I think its not really needed. another important diff: references cannot be stuffed into an array 
Derek, there is no mention in the standard that a reference requires space. regardless what you do with a reference, even if you take its address, there can be no additional space involved and a reference can just be a good suggestion about the array, I added it.   Brian R. Bondy Feb 27 '09 at 21:13
be forced to reserve space. Consider a reference within a class, surely each instance of the class can refer to different external objects, and to which object they refer must be held somehow --in most implementations as an automatically dereferenced pointer (I cannot really think of any other possible implementation that fits all use  Well, s3_copy will create a temporary and then copy construct it into s3_copy whereas s3_reference directly uses the temporary. Then to be really pedantic you need to look at the Return Value Optimization whereby the binding, and only when the reference goes out of scope the destructor of the actual referenced type (as compared to the reference type, that could be a base) is called. Since it is a reference, no slicing will take place in temporary objects created on-the-fly when they are passed as parameters. You can also do it with pointers using new but then objects are created in the heap not on the stack, and you should be extra cautious not to forg
 et to  Update for C++11: last sentence should read "You cannot bind a non-const lvalue reference to a temporary" because you can bind a non-const rvalue reference to a temporary, and it has the same lifetime-extending can be forced to reserve space for a reference, but there are many cases when it won't need to and such cases are often easy to detect at compile time. When that occurs the compiler won't use any space for the reference. It's much harder for compilers to optimize away pointers: they first have to ensure no code ever takes the address of the pointer or could derive it from the context.   kriss Mar 14 at 10:1