LAMPS WG J. Massimo Internet-Draft P. Kampanakis Intended status: Standards Track AWS Expires: 6 August 2025 S. Turner sn3rd B. E. Westerbaan Cloudflare 2 February 2025 Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure: Algorithm Identifiers for ML- DSA draft-ietf-lamps-dilithium-certificates-07 Abstract Digital signatures are used within X.509 certificates, Certificate Revocation Lists (CRLs), and to sign messages. This document describes the conventions for using FIPS 204, the Module-Lattice- Based Digital Signature Algorithm (ML-DSA) in Internet X.509 certificates and certificate revocation lists. The conventions for the associated signatures, subject public keys, and private key are also described. About This Document This note is to be removed before publishing as an RFC. The latest revision of this draft can be found at https://lamps- wg.github.io/dilithium-certificates/#go.draft-ietf-lamps-dilithium- certificates.html. Status information for this document may be found at https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-ietf-lamps-dilithium- certificates/. Discussion of this document takes place on the Limited Additional Mechanisms for PKIX and SMIME (lamps) Working Group mailing list (mailto:spasm@ietf.org), which is archived at https://mailarchive.ietf.org/arch/browse/spasm/. Subscribe at https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/spasm/. Source for this draft and an issue tracker can be found at https://github.com/lamps-wg/dilithium-certificates. Status of This Memo This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79. Massimo, et al. Expires 6 August 2025 [Page 1] Internet-Draft ML-DSA in Certificates February 2025 Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet- Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." This Internet-Draft will expire on 6 August 2025. Copyright Notice Copyright (c) 2025 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved. This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (https://trustee.ietf.org/ license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Revised BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Revised BSD License. Table of Contents 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.1. Requirements Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2. Identifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 3. ML-DSA Signatures in PKIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 4. ML-DSA Public Keys in PKIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 5. Key Usage Bits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 6. Private Key Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 7. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 8. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 8.1. Rationale for disallowing HashML-DSA . . . . . . . . . . 10 9. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 9.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 9.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Appendix A. ASN.1 Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Appendix B. Security Strengths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Appendix C. Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 C.1. Example Private Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 C.2. Example Public Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 C.3. Example Certificates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Appendix D. Pre-hashing (ExternalMu-ML-DSA) . . . . . . . . . . 49 Massimo, et al. Expires 6 August 2025 [Page 2] Internet-Draft ML-DSA in Certificates February 2025 Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 1. Introduction The Module-Lattice-Based Digital Signature Algorithm (ML-DSA) is a quantum-resistant digital signature scheme standardized by the US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) PQC project [NIST-PQC] in [FIPS204]. This document specifies the use of the ML- DSA in Public Key Infrastructure X.509 (PKIX) certificates and Certificate Revocation Lists (CRLs) at three security levels: ML-DSA- 44, ML-DSA-65, and ML-DSA-87. [FIPS204] defines two variants of ML-DSA: a pure and a prehash variant. Only the former is specified in this document. See Section 8.1 for the rationale. The pure variant of ML-DSA supports the typical prehash flow, see Appendix D. In short: one cryptographic module can compute the hash _mu_ on line 6 of algorithm 7 of [FIPS204] and pass it to a second module to finish the signature. The first module only needs access to the full message and the public key, whereas the second module only needs access to hash _mu_ and the private key. Prior to standardisation, ML-DSA was known as Dilithium. ML-DSA and Dilithium are not compatible. 1.1. Requirements Language The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all capitals, as shown here. 2. Identifiers The AlgorithmIdentifier type is defined in [RFC5912] as follows: AlgorithmIdentifier{ALGORITHM-TYPE, ALGORITHM-TYPE:AlgorithmSet} ::= SEQUENCE { algorithm ALGORITHM-TYPE.id({AlgorithmSet}), parameters ALGORITHM-TYPE. Params({AlgorithmSet}{@algorithm}) OPTIONAL } | NOTE: The above syntax is from [RFC5912] and is compatible with | the 2021 ASN.1 syntax [X680]. See [RFC5280] for the 1988 ASN.1 | syntax. Massimo, et al. Expires 6 August 2025 [Page 3] Internet-Draft ML-DSA in Certificates February 2025 The fields in AlgorithmIdentifier have the following meanings: * algorithm identifies the cryptographic algorithm with an object identifier. * parameters, which are optional, are the associated parameters for the algorithm identifier in the algorithm field. The OIDs are: id-ml-dsa-44 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { joint-iso-itu-t(2) country(16) us(840) organization(1) gov(101) csor(3) nistAlgorithm(4) sigAlgs(3) id-ml-dsa-44(17) } id-ml-dsa-65 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { joint-iso-itu-t(2) country(16) us(840) organization(1) gov(101) csor(3) nistAlgorithm(4) sigAlgs(3) id-ml-dsa-65(18) } id-ml-dsa-87 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { joint-iso-itu-t(2) country(16) us(840) organization(1) gov(101) csor(3) nistAlgorithm(4) sigAlgs(3) id-ml-dsa-87(19) } The contents of the parameters component for each algorithm MUST be absent. The ctx value used in the ML-DSA signing and verification [FIPS204] of ML-DSA signatures defined in this specification (X.509 certificates, CRLs) is the empty string. 3. ML-DSA Signatures in PKIX ML-DSA is a digital signature scheme built upon the Fiat-Shamir-with- aborts framework [Fiat-Shamir]. The security is based upon the hardness of lattice problems over module lattices [Dilithium]. ML- DSA provides three parameter sets for the NIST PQC security categories 2, 3 and 5. Signatures are used in a number of different ASN.1 structures. As shown in the ASN.1 representation from [RFC5280] below, in an X.509 certificate, a signature is encoded with an algorithm identifier in the signatureAlgorithm attribute and a signatureValue attribute that contains the actual signature. Massimo, et al. Expires 6 August 2025 [Page 4] Internet-Draft ML-DSA in Certificates February 2025 Certificate ::= SIGNED{ TBSCertificate } SIGNED{ToBeSigned} ::= SEQUENCE { toBeSigned ToBeSigned, algorithmIdentifier SEQUENCE { algorithm SIGNATURE-ALGORITHM. &id({SignatureAlgorithms}), parameters SIGNATURE-ALGORITHM. &Params({SignatureAlgorithms} {@algorithmIdentifier.algorithm}) OPTIONAL }, signature BIT STRING (CONTAINING SIGNATURE-ALGORITHM.&Value( {SignatureAlgorithms} {@algorithmIdentifier.algorithm})) } Signatures are also used in the CRL list ASN.1 representation from [RFC5280] below. In a X.509 CRL, a signature is encoded with an algorithm identifier in the signatureAlgorithm attribute and a signatureValue attribute that contains the actual signature. CertificateList ::= SIGNED{ TBSCertList } The identifiers defined in Section 2 can be used as the AlgorithmIdentifier in the signatureAlgorithm field in the sequence Certificate/CertificateList and the signature field in the sequence TBSCertificate/TBSCertList in certificates and CRLs, respectively, [RFC5280]. The parameters of these signature algorithms MUST be absent, as explained in Section 2. That is, the AlgorithmIdentifier SHALL be a SEQUENCE of one component, the OID id-ml-dsa-*. The signatureValue field contains the corresponding ML-DSA signature computed upon the ASN.1 DER encoded tbsCertificate/tbsCertList [RFC5280]. Conforming Certification Authority (CA) implementations MUST specify the algorithms explicitly by using the OIDs specified in Section 2 when encoding ML-DSA signatures in certificates and CRLs. Conforming client implementations that process certificates and CRLs using ML- DSA MUST recognize the corresponding OIDs. Encoding rules for ML-DSA signature values are specified Section 2. 4. ML-DSA Public Keys in PKIX In the X.509 certificate, the subjectPublicKeyInfo field has the SubjectPublicKeyInfo type, which has the following ASN.1 syntax: Massimo, et al. Expires 6 August 2025 [Page 5] Internet-Draft ML-DSA in Certificates February 2025 SubjectPublicKeyInfo {PUBLIC-KEY: IOSet} ::= SEQUENCE { algorithm AlgorithmIdentifier {PUBLIC-KEY, {IOSet}}, subjectPublicKey BIT STRING } | NOTE: The above syntax is from [RFC5912] and is compatible with | the 2021 ASN.1 syntax [X680]. See [RFC5280] for the 1988 ASN.1 | syntax. The fields in SubjectPublicKeyInfo have the following meaning: * algorithm is the algorithm identifier and parameters for the public key (see above). * subjectPublicKey contains the byte stream of the public key. The PUBLIC-KEY ASN.1 types for ML-DSA are defined here: pk-ml-dsa-44 PUBLIC-KEY ::= { IDENTIFIER id-ml-dsa-44 -- KEY no ASN.1 wrapping -- CERT-KEY-USAGE { digitalSignature, nonRepudiation, keyCertSign, cRLSign } -- PRIVATE-KEY no ASN.1 wrapping -- } pk-ml-dsa-65 PUBLIC-KEY ::= { IDENTIFIER id-ml-dsa-65 -- KEY no ASN.1 wrapping -- CERT-KEY-USAGE { digitalSignature, nonRepudiation, keyCertSign, cRLSign } -- PRIVATE-KEY no ASN.1 wrapping -- } pk-ml-dsa-87 PUBLIC-KEY ::= { IDENTIFIER id-ml-dsa-87 -- KEY no ASN.1 wrapping -- CERT-KEY-USAGE { digitalSignature, nonRepudiation, keyCertSign, cRLSign } -- PRIVATE-KEY no ASN.1 wrapping -- } ML-DSA-PublicKey ::= OCTET STRING (SIZE (1312 | 1952 | 2592)) ML-DSA-PrivateKey ::= OCTET STRING (SIZE (32)) Algorithm 22 in Section 7.2 of [FIPS204] defines the raw byte string encoding of an ML-DSA public key. When used in a SubjectPublicKeyInfo type, the subjectPublicKey BIT STRING contains the raw byte string encoding of the public key. Massimo, et al. Expires 6 August 2025 [Page 6] Internet-Draft ML-DSA in Certificates February 2025 When an ML-DSA public key appears outside of a SubjectPublicKeyInfo type in an environment that uses ASN.1 encoding, it can be encoded as an OCTET STRING by using the ML-DSA-PublicKey type. [RFC5958] describes the Asymmetric Key Package's OneAsymmetricKey type for encoding asymmetric keypairs. When an ML-DSA private key or keypair is encoded as a OneAsymmetricKey, it follows the description in Section 6. When the ML-DSA private key appears outside of an Asymmetric Key Package in an environment that uses ASN.1 encoding, it can be encoded as an OCTET STRING by using the ML-DSA-PrivateKey type. Appendix C contains example ML-DSA public keys encoded using the textual encoding defined in [RFC7468]. 5. Key Usage Bits The intended application for the key is indicated in the keyUsage certificate extension; see Section 4.2.1.3 of [RFC5280]. If the keyUsage extension is present in a certificate that indicates id-ml- dsa-* in the SubjectPublicKeyInfo, then the at least one of following MUST be present: digitalSignature; or nonRepudiation; or keyCertSign; or cRLSign. If the keyUsage extension is present in a certificate that indicates id-ml-dsa-* in the SubjectPublicKeyInfo, then the following MUST NOT be present: keyEncipherment; or dataEncipherment; or keyAgreement; or encipherOnly; or decipherOnly. Requirements about the keyUsage extension bits defined in [RFC5280] still apply. 6. Private Key Format An ML-DSA private key is encoded by storing its 32-octet seed in the privateKey field as follows. Massimo, et al. Expires 6 August 2025 [Page 7] Internet-Draft ML-DSA in Certificates February 2025 [FIPS204] specifies two formats for an ML-DSA private key: a 32-octet seed (xi) and an (expanded) private key. The expanded private key (and public key) is computed from the seed using ML- DSA.KeyGen_internal(xi) (algorithm 6). "Asymmetric Key Packages" [RFC5958] describes how to encode a private key in a structure that both identifies what algorithm the private key is for and allows for the public key and additional attributes about the key to be included as well. For illustration, the ASN.1 structure OneAsymmetricKey is replicated below. OneAsymmetricKey ::= SEQUENCE { version Version, privateKeyAlgorithm SEQUENCE { algorithm PUBLIC-KEY.&id({PublicKeySet}), parameters PUBLIC-KEY.&Params({PublicKeySet} {@privateKeyAlgorithm.algorithm}) OPTIONAL} privateKey OCTET STRING (CONTAINING PUBLIC-KEY.&PrivateKey({PublicKeySet} {@privateKeyAlgorithm.algorithm})), attributes [0] Attributes OPTIONAL, ..., [[2: publicKey [1] BIT STRING (CONTAINING PUBLIC-KEY.&Params({PublicKeySet} {@privateKeyAlgorithm.algorithm}) OPTIONAL, ... } | NOTE: The above syntax is from [RFC5958] and is compatible with | the 2021 ASN.1 syntax [X680]. When used in a OneAsymmetricKey type, the privateKey OCTET STRING contains the raw octet string encoding of the 32-octet seed. The publicKey field SHOULD be omitted because the public key can be computed as noted earlier in this section. Appendix C contains example ML-DSA private keys encoded using the textual encoding defined in [RFC7468]. 7. IANA Considerations For the ASN.1 module in Appendix A, IANA is requested to assign an object identifier (OID) for the module identifier (TBD1) with a Description of "id-mod-x509-ml-dsa-2024". The OID for the module should be allocated in the "SMI Security for PKIX Module Identifier" registry (1.3.6.1.5.5.7.0). Massimo, et al. Expires 6 August 2025 [Page 8] Internet-Draft ML-DSA in Certificates February 2025 8. Security Considerations The Security Considerations section of [RFC5280] applies to this specification as well. The digital signature scheme defined within this document are modeled under strongly existentially unforgeable under chosen message attack (SUF-CMA). For the purpose of estimating security strength, it has been assumed that the attacker has access to signatures for no more than 2^{64} chosen messages. ML-DSA offers both deterministic and randomized signing. By default ML-DSA signatures are non-deterministic. The private random seed (rho') for the signature is pseudorandomly derived from the signer’s private key, the message, and a 256-bit string, rnd - where rnd should be generated by an approved RBG. In the deterministic version, rng is instead a 256-bit constant string. The source of randomness in the randomized mode has been "hedged" against sources of poor entropy, by including the signers private key and message into the derivation. The primary purpose of rnd is to facilitate countermeasures to side-channel attacks and fault attacks on deterministic signatures. In the design of ML-DSA, care has been taken to make side-channel resilience easier to achieve. For instance, ML-DSA does not depend on Gaussian sampling. Implementations must still take great care not to leak information via various side channels. While deliberate design decisions such as these can help to deliver a greater ease of secure implementation - particularly against side-channel attacks - it does not necessarily provide resistance to more powerful attacks such as differential power analysis. Some amount of side-channel leakage has been demonstrated in parts of the signing algorithm (specifically the bit-unpacking function), from which a demonstration of key recovery has been made over a large sample of signatures. Masking countermeasures exist for ML-DSA, but come with a performance overhead. A fundamental security property also associated with digital signatures is non-repudiation. Non-repudiation refers to the assurance that the owner of a signature key pair that was capable of generating an existing signature corresponding to certain data cannot convincingly deny having signed the data. The digital signature scheme ML-DSA possess three security properties beyond unforgeability, that are associated with non-repudiation. These are exclusive ownership, message-bound signatures, and non-resignability. These properties are based tightly on the assumed collision resistance of the hash function used (in this case SHAKE-256). Massimo, et al. Expires 6 August 2025 [Page 9] Internet-Draft ML-DSA in Certificates February 2025 Exclusive ownership is a property in which a signature sigma uniquely determines the public key and message for which it is valid. Message-bound signatures is the property that a valid signature uniquely determines the message for which it is valid, but not necessarily the public key. Non-resignability is the property in which one cannot produce a valid signature under another key given a signature sigma for some unknown message m. These properties are not provided by classical signature schemes such as DSA or ECDSA, and have led to a variety of attacks such as Duplicate-Signature Key Selection (DSKS) attacks , and attacks on the protocols for secure routing. A full discussion of these properties in ML-DSA can be found at [CDFFJ21]. These properties are dependent, in part, on unambiguous public key serialization. It for this reason the public key structure defined in Section 4 is intentionally encoded as a single OCTET STRING. 8.1. Rationale for disallowing HashML-DSA The HashML-DSA mode defined in Section 5.4 of [FIPS204] MUST NOT be used; in other words, public keys identified by id-hash-ml-dsa-44- with-sha512, id-hash-ml-dsa-65-with-sha512, and id-hash-ml-dsa-87- with-sha512 MUST NOT be in X.509 certificates used for CRLs, OCSP, certificate issuance and related PKIX protocols (e.g. TLS). The use of HashML-DSA public keys within end entity certificates is not prohibited, but conventions for doing so are outside the scope of this document. This restriction is for both implementation and security reasons. The implementation reason for disallowing HashML-DSA stems from the fact that ML-DSA and HashML-DSA are incompatible algorithms that require different Verify() routines. This forwards to the protocol the complexity of informing the client whether to use ML-DSA.Verify() or HashML-DSA.Verify() along with the hash algorithm to use. Additionally, since the same OIDs are used to identify the ML-DSA public keys and ML-DSA signature algorithms, an implementation would need to commit a given public key to be either of type ML-DSA or HashML-DSA at the time of certificate creation. This is anticipated to cause operational issues in contexts where the operator does not know at key generation time whether the key will need to produce pure or pre-hashed signatures. ExternalMu-ML-DSA avoids all of these operational concerns by virtue of having keys and signatures that are indistinguishable from ML-DSA (i.e., ML-DSA and ExternalMu-ML-DSA are mathematically equivalent algorithms). The difference between ML-DSA and ExternalMu-ML-DSA is merely an internal implementation detail of the signer and has no impact on the verifier or network protocol. Massimo, et al. Expires 6 August 2025 [Page 10] Internet-Draft ML-DSA in Certificates February 2025 The security reason for disallowing HashML-DSA is that the design of the ML-DSA algorithm provides enhanced resistance against signature collision attacks, compared with conventional RSA or ECDSA signature algorithms. Specifically, ML-DSA binds the hash of the public key tr to the message to-be-signed prior to hashing, as described in line 6 of Algorithm 7 of [FIPS204]. In practice, this provides binding to the indended verification public key, preventing some attacks that would otherwise allow a signature to be successfully verified against a non-intended public key. Also, this unlikely, theoretical binding means that in the unlikely discovery of a collision attack against SHA-3, an attacker would have to perform a public-key-specific collision search in order to find message pairs such that H(tr || m1) = H(tr || m2) since a direct hash collision H(m1) = H(m2) will not suffice. HashML-DSA removes both of these enhanced security properties. 9. References 9.1. Normative References [FIPS204] National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), "Module-Lattice-based Digital Signature Standard", FIPS PUB 204, August 2023, . [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997, . [RFC3647] Chokhani, S., Ford, W., Sabett, R., Merrill, C., and S. Wu, "Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure Certificate Policy and Certification Practices Framework", RFC 3647, DOI 10.17487/RFC3647, November 2003, . [RFC5280] Cooper, D., Santesson, S., Farrell, S., Boeyen, S., Housley, R., and W. Polk, "Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure Certificate and Certificate Revocation List (CRL) Profile", RFC 5280, DOI 10.17487/RFC5280, May 2008, . [RFC5912] Hoffman, P. and J. Schaad, "New ASN.1 Modules for the Public Key Infrastructure Using X.509 (PKIX)", RFC 5912, DOI 10.17487/RFC5912, June 2010, . Massimo, et al. Expires 6 August 2025 [Page 11] Internet-Draft ML-DSA in Certificates February 2025 [RFC5958] Turner, S., "Asymmetric Key Packages", RFC 5958, DOI 10.17487/RFC5958, August 2010, . [RFC8174] Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC 2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174, May 2017, . [X680] ITU-T, "Information Technology -- Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1): Specification of basic notation", ITU-T Recommendation X.680, ISO/IEC 8824-1:2021, February 2021, . [X690] ITU-T, "Information Technology -- Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1): ASN.1 encoding rules: Specification of Basic Encoding Rules (BER), Canonical Encoding Rules (CER) and Distinguished Encoding Rules (DER)", ITU-T Recommendation X.690, ISO/IEC 8825-1:2021, February 2021, . 9.2. Informative References [CDFFJ21] Cremers, C., Düzlü, S., Fiedler, R., Fischlin, M., and C. Janson, "BUFFing signature schemes beyond unforgeability and the case of post-quantum signatures", In Proceedings of the 42nd IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy , 2021, . [Dilithium] Bai, S., Ducas, L., Lepoint, T., Lyubashevsky, V., Schwabe, P., Seiler, G., and D. Stehlé, "CRYSTALS- Dilithium Algorithm Specifications and Supporting Documentation", 2021, . [Fiat-Shamir] Lyubashevsky, V., "Fiat-Shamir with aborts: Applications to lattice and factoring-based signatures", International Conference on the Theory and Application of Cryptology and Information Security , 2009, . [NIST-PQC] National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), "Post-Quantum Cryptography Project", 20 December 2016, . Massimo, et al. Expires 6 August 2025 [Page 12] Internet-Draft ML-DSA in Certificates February 2025 [RFC7468] Josefsson, S. and S. Leonard, "Textual Encodings of PKIX, PKCS, and CMS Structures", RFC 7468, DOI 10.17487/RFC7468, April 2015, . Appendix A. ASN.1 Module This appendix includes the ASN.1 module [X680] for the ML-DSA. Note that as per [RFC5280], certificates use the Distinguished Encoding Rules; see [X690]. This module imports objects from [RFC5912]. X509-ML-DSA-2024 { iso(1) identified-organization(3) dod(6) internet(1) security(5) mechanisms(5) pkix(7) id-mod(0) id-mod-x509-ml-dsa-2024(TBD1) } DEFINITIONS IMPLICIT TAGS ::= BEGIN -- EXPORTS ALL; IMPORTS PUBLIC-KEY, SIGNATURE-ALGORITHM FROM AlgorithmInformation-2009 -- From [RFC5912] { iso(1) identified-organization(3) dod(6) internet(1) security(5) mechanisms(5) pkix(7) id-mod(0) id-mod-algorithmInformation-02(58) } ; -- -- Object Identifiers -- sigAlgs OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { joint-iso-itu-t(2) country(16) us(840) organization(1) gov(101) csor(3) nistAlgorithms(4) 3 } id-ml-dsa-44 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { sigAlgs 17 } id-ml-dsa-65 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { sigAlgs 18 } id-ml-dsa-87 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { sigAlgs 19 } -- -- Signature Algorithm Identifiers -- sa-ml-dsa-44 SIGNATURE-ALGORITHM ::= { Massimo, et al. Expires 6 August 2025 [Page 13] Internet-Draft ML-DSA in Certificates February 2025 IDENTIFIER id-ml-dsa-44 PARAMS ARE absent PUBLIC-KEYS { pk-ml-dsa-44 } SMIME-CAPS { IDENTIFIED BY id-ml-dsa-44 } } sa-ml-dsa-65 SIGNATURE-ALGORITHM ::= { IDENTIFIER id-ml-dsa-65 PARAMS ARE absent PUBLIC-KEYS { pk-ml-dsa-65 } SMIME-CAPS { IDENTIFIED BY id-ml-dsa-65 } } sa-ml-dsa-87 SIGNATURE-ALGORITHM ::= { IDENTIFIER id-ml-dsa-87 PARAMS ARE absent PUBLIC-KEYS { pk-ml-dsa-87 } SMIME-CAPS { IDENTIFIED BY id-ml-dsa-87 } } -- -- Public Keys -- pk-ml-dsa-44 PUBLIC-KEY ::= { IDENTIFIER id-ml-dsa-44 -- KEY no ASN.1 wrapping -- CERT-KEY-USAGE { digitalSignature, nonRepudiation, keyCertSign, cRLSign } -- PRIVATE-KEY no ASN.1 wrapping -- } pk-ml-dsa-65 PUBLIC-KEY ::= { IDENTIFIER id-ml-dsa-65 -- KEY no ASN.1 wrapping -- CERT-KEY-USAGE { digitalSignature, nonRepudiation, keyCertSign, cRLSign } -- PRIVATE-KEY no ASN.1 wrapping -- } pk-ml-dsa-87 PUBLIC-KEY ::= { IDENTIFIER id-ml-dsa-87 -- KEY no ASN.1 wrapping -- CERT-KEY-USAGE { digitalSignature, nonRepudiation, keyCertSign, cRLSign } -- PRIVATE-KEY no ASN.1 wrapping -- } ML-DSA-PublicKey ::= OCTET STRING (SIZE (1312 | 1952 | 2592)) ML-DSA-PrivateKey ::= OCTET STRING (SIZE (32)) -- -- Expand SignatureAlgorithms from RFC 5912 Massimo, et al. Expires 6 August 2025 [Page 14] Internet-Draft ML-DSA in Certificates February 2025 -- SignatureAlgorithms SIGNATURE-ALGORITHM ::= { sa-ml-dsa-44 | sa-ml-dsa-65 | sa-ml-dsa-87, ... } -- -- Expand SignatureAlgorithms from RFC 5912 -- PublicKeys PUBLIC-KEY ::= { pk-ml-dsa-44 | pk-ml-dsa-65 | pk-ml-dsa-87, ... } END Appendix B. Security Strengths Instead of defining the strength of a quantum algorithm in a traditional manner using the imprecise notion of bits of security, NIST has instead elected to define security levels by picking a reference scheme, which NIST expects to offer notable levels of resistance to both quantum and classical attack. To wit, an algorithm that achieves NIST PQC security level 1 must require computational resources to break the relevant security property, which are greater than those required for a brute-force key search on AES-128. Levels 3 and 5 use AES-192 and AES-256 as reference respectively. Levels 2 and 4 use collision search for SHA-256 and SHA-384 as reference. The parameter sets defined for NIST security levels 2, 3 and 5 are listed in the Figure 1, along with the resulting signature size, public key, and private key sizes in bytes. Note that these are the sizes of the plain private and public keys; and not the sizes of the resultant OneAsymmetricKey and SubjectPublicKeyInfo objects in which they are wrapped. Massimo, et al. Expires 6 August 2025 [Page 15] Internet-Draft ML-DSA in Certificates February 2025 |=======+=======+=====+========+========+========| | Level | (k,l) | eta | Sig. | Public | Private| | | | | (B) | Key(B) | Key(B) | |=======+=======+=====+========+========+========| | 2 | (4,4) | 2 | 2420 | 1312 | 32 | | 3 | (6,5) | 4 | 3309 | 1952 | 32 | | 5 | (8,7) | 2 | 4627 | 2592 | 32 | |=======+=======+=====+========+========+========| Figure 1: ML-DSA Parameters Appendix C. Examples This appendix contains examples of ML-DSA public keys, private keys and certificates. C.1. Example Private Key The following is an example of a ML-DSA-44 private key with hex seed 000102…1e1f: -----BEGIN PRIVATE KEY----- MDICAQAwCwYJYIZIAWUDBAMRBCAAAQIDBAUGBwgJCgsMDQ4PEBESExQVFhcYGRob HB0eHw== -----END PRIVATE KEY----- SEQUENCE { INTEGER { 0 } SEQUENCE { OBJECT_IDENTIFIER { 2.16.840.1.101.3.4.3.17 } } OCTET_STRING { `000102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f10111213141516 1718191a1b1c1d1e1f` } } The following is an example of a ML-DSA-65 private key with hex seed 000102…1e1f: -----BEGIN PRIVATE KEY----- MDICAQAwCwYJYIZIAWUDBAMSBCAAAQIDBAUGBwgJCgsMDQ4PEBESExQVFhcYGRob HB0eHw== -----END PRIVATE KEY----- Massimo, et al. Expires 6 August 2025 [Page 16] Internet-Draft ML-DSA in Certificates February 2025 SEQUENCE { INTEGER { 0 } SEQUENCE { OBJECT_IDENTIFIER { 2.16.840.1.101.3.4.3.18 } } OCTET_STRING { `000102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f10111213141516 1718191a1b1c1d1e1f` } } The following is an example of a ML-DSA-87 private key with hex seed 000102…1e1f: -----BEGIN PRIVATE KEY----- MDICAQAwCwYJYIZIAWUDBAMTBCAAAQIDBAUGBwgJCgsMDQ4PEBESExQVFhcYGRob HB0eHw== -----END PRIVATE KEY----- SEQUENCE { INTEGER { 0 } SEQUENCE { OBJECT_IDENTIFIER { 2.16.840.1.101.3.4.3.19 } } OCTET_STRING { `000102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f10111213141516 1718191a1b1c1d1e1f` } } NOTE: The private key is the seed and all three examples keys use the same seed; therefore, the private above are the same except for the OID used to represent the ML-DSA algorithm's security strength. C.2. Example Public Key The following is the ML-DSA-44 public key corresponding to the private key in the previous section. Massimo, et al. Expires 6 August 2025 [Page 17] Internet-Draft ML-DSA in Certificates February 2025 -----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY----- MIIFMjALBglghkgBZQMEAxEDggUhANeytHJUquDbReeTDUqY0sl9jxOX0Xidr6Fw JLMW6b7JT8mUbULxm3mnQTu6oz5xSctC7VEVaTrAQfrLmIretf4OHYYxGEmVtZLD l9IpTi4U+QqkFLo4JomaxD9MzKy8JumoMrlRGNXLQzy++WYLABOOCBf2HnYsonTD atVU6yKqwRYuSrAay6HjjE79j4C2WzM9D3LlXf5xzpweu5iJ58VhBsD9c4A6Kuz+ r97XqjyyztpU0SvYzTanjPl1lDtHq9JeiArEUuV0LtHo0agq+oblkMdYwVrk0oQN kryhpQkPQElll/yn2LlRPxob2m6VCqqY3kZ1B9Sk9aTwWZIWWCw1cvYu2okFqzWB ZwxKAnd6M+DKcpX9j0/20aCjp2g9ZfX19/xg2gI+gmxfkhRMAvfRuhB1mHVT6pNn /NdtmQt/qZzUWv24g21D5Fn1GH3wWEeXCaAepoNZNfpwRgmQzT3BukAbqUurHd5B rGerMxncrKBgSNTE7vJ+4TqcF9BTj0MPLWQtwkFWYN54h32NirxyUjl4wELkKF9D GYRsRBJiQpdoRMEOVWuiFbWnGeWdDGsqltOYWQcf3MLN51JKe+2uVOhbMY6FTo/i svPt+slxkSgnCq/R5QRMOk/a/Z/zH5B4S46ORZYUSg2vWGUR09mWK56pWvGXtOX8 YPKx7RXeOlvvX4m9x52RBR2bKBbnT6VFMe/cHL501EiFf0drzVjyHAtlOzt2pOB2 plWaMCcYVVzGP3SFmqurkl8COGHKjND3utsocfZ9VTJtdFETWtRfShumkRj7ssij DuyTku8/l3Bmya3VxxDMZHsVFNIX2VjHAXw+kP0gwE5nS5BIbpNwoxoAHTL0c5ee SQZ0nn5Hf6C3RQj4pfI3gxK4PCW9OIygsP/3R4uvQrcWZ+2qyXxGsSlkPlhuWwVa DCEZRtTzbmdb7Vhg+gQqMV2YJhZNapI3w1pfv0lUkKW9TfJIuVxKrneEtgVnMWas QkW1tLCCoJ6TI+YvIHjFt2eDRG3v1zatOjcC1JsImESQCmGDM5e8RBmzDXqXoLOH wZEUdMTUG1PjKpd6y28Op122W7OeWecB52lX3vby1EVZwxp3EitSBOO1whnxaIsU 7QvAuAGz5ugtzUPpwOn0F0TNmBW9G8iCDYuxI/BPrNGxtoXdWisbjbvz7ZM2cPCV oYC08ZLQixC4+rvfzCskUY4y7qCl4MkEyoRHgAg/OwzS0Li2r2e8NVuUlAJdx7Cn j6gOOi2/61EyiFHWB4GY6Uk2Ua54fsAlH5Irow6fUd9iptcnhM890gU5MXbfoySl Er2Ulwo23TSlFKhnkfDrNvAUWwmrZGUbSgMTsplhGiocSIkWJ1mHaKMRQGC6RENI bfUVIqHOiLMJhcIW+ObtF43VZ7MEoNTK+6iCooNC8XqaomrljbYwCD0sNY/fVmw/ XWKkKFZ7yeqM6VyqDzVHSwv6jzOaJQq0388gg76O77wQVeGP4VNw7ssmBWbYP/Br IRquxDyim1TM0A+IFaJGXvC0ZRXMfkHzEk8J7/9zkwmrWLKaFFmgC85QOOk4yWeP cusOTuX9quZtn4Vz/Jf8QrSVn0v4th14Qz6GsDNdbpGRxNi/SHs5BcEIz9asJLDO t9y3z1H4TQ7Wh7lerrHFM8BvDZcCPZKnCCWDe1m6bLfU5WsKh8IDhiro8xW6WSXo 7e+meTaaIgJ2YVHxapZfn4Hs52zAcLVYaeTbl4TPBcgwsyQsgxI= -----END PUBLIC KEY----- Massimo, et al. Expires 6 August 2025 [Page 18] Internet-Draft ML-DSA in Certificates February 2025 SEQUENCE { SEQUENCE { OBJECT_IDENTIFIER { 2.16.840.1.101.3.4.3.17 } } BIT_STRING { `00` `d7b2b47254aae0db45e7930d4a98d2c97d8f1397d17 89dafa17024b316e9bec94fc9946d42f19b79a7413bbaa33e7149cb42ed51156 93ac041facb988adeb5fe0e1d8631184995b592c397d2294e2e14f90aa414ba3 826899ac43f4cccacbc26e9a832b95118d5cb433cbef9660b00138e0817f61e7 62ca274c36ad554eb22aac1162e4ab01acba1e38c4efd8f80b65b333d0f72e55 dfe71ce9c1ebb9889e7c56106c0fd73803a2aecfeafded7aa3cb2ceda54d12bd 8cd36a78cf975943b47abd25e880ac452e5742ed1e8d1a82afa86e590c758c15 ae4d2840d92bca1a5090f40496597fca7d8b9513f1a1bda6e950aaa98de46750 7d4a4f5a4f0599216582c3572f62eda8905ab3581670c4a02777a33e0ca7295f d8f4ff6d1a0a3a7683d65f5f5f7fc60da023e826c5f92144c02f7d1ba1075987 553ea9367fcd76d990b7fa99cd45afdb8836d43e459f5187df058479709a01ea 6835935fa70460990cd3dc1ba401ba94bab1dde41ac67ab3319dcaca06048d4c 4eef27ee13a9c17d0538f430f2d642dc2415660de78877d8d8abc72523978c04 2e4285f4319846c44126242976844c10e556ba215b5a719e59d0c6b2a96d3985 9071fdcc2cde7524a7bedae54e85b318e854e8fe2b2f3edfac9719128270aafd 1e5044c3a4fdafd9ff31f90784b8e8e4596144a0daf586511d3d9962b9ea95af 197b4e5fc60f2b1ed15de3a5bef5f89bdc79d91051d9b2816e74fa54531efdc1 cbe74d448857f476bcd58f21c0b653b3b76a4e076a6559a302718555cc63f748 59aabab925f023861ca8cd0f7badb2871f67d55326d7451135ad45f4a1ba6911 8fbb2c8a30eec9392ef3f977066c9add5c710cc647b1514d217d958c7017c3e9 0fd20c04e674b90486e9370a31a001d32f473979e4906749e7e477fa0b74508f 8a5f2378312b83c25bd388ca0b0fff7478baf42b71667edaac97c46b129643e5 86e5b055a0c211946d4f36e675bed5860fa042a315d9826164d6a9237c35a5fb f495490a5bd4df248b95c4aae7784b605673166ac4245b5b4b082a09e9323e62 f2078c5b76783446defd736ad3a3702d49b089844900a61833397bc4419b30d7 a97a0b387c1911474c4d41b53e32a977acb6f0ea75db65bb39e59e701e76957d ef6f2d44559c31a77122b5204e3b5c219f1688b14ed0bc0b801b3e6e82dcd43e 9c0e9f41744cd9815bd1bc8820d8bb123f04facd1b1b685dd5a2b1b8dbbf3ed9 33670f095a180b4f192d08b10b8fabbdfcc2b24518e32eea0a5e0c904ca84478 0083f3b0cd2d0b8b6af67bc355b9494025dc7b0a78fa80e3a2dbfeb51328851d 6078198e9493651ae787ec0251f922ba30e9f51df62a6d72784cf3dd20539317 6dfa324a512bd94970a36dd34a514a86791f0eb36f0145b09ab64651b4a0313b 299611a2a1c48891627598768a3114060ba4443486df51522a1ce88b30985c21 6f8e6ed178dd567b304a0d4cafba882a28342f17a9aa26ae58db630083d2c358 fdf566c3f5d62a428567bc9ea8ce95caa0f35474b0bfa8f339a250ab4dfcf208 3be8eefbc1055e18fe15370eecb260566d83ff06b211aaec43ca29b54ccd00f8 815a2465ef0b46515cc7e41f3124f09efff739309ab58b29a1459a00bce5038e 938c9678f72eb0e4ee5fdaae66d9f8573fc97fc42b4959f4bf8b61d78433e86b 0335d6e9191c4d8bf487b3905c108cfd6ac24b0ceb7dcb7cf51f84d0ed687b95 eaeb1c533c06f0d97023d92a70825837b59ba6cb7d4e56b0a87c203862ae8f31 5ba5925e8edefa679369a2202766151f16a965f9f81ece76cc070b55869e4db9 784cf05c830b3242c8312` } } Massimo, et al. Expires 6 August 2025 [Page 19] Internet-Draft ML-DSA in Certificates February 2025 The following is the ML-DSA-65 public key corresponding to the private key in the previous section. -----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY----- MIIHsjALBglghkgBZQMEAxIDggehAEhoPZGXjjHrPd24sEc0gtK4il9iWUn9j1il YeaWvUwn0Fs427Lt8B5mTv2Bvh6ok2iM5oqi1RxZWPi7xutOie5n0sAyCVTVchLK xyKf8dbq8DkovVFRH42I2EdzbH3icw1ZeOVBBxMWCXiGdxG/VTmgv8TDUMK+Vyuv DuLi+xbM/qCAKNmaxJrrt1k33c4RHNq2L/886ouiIz0eVvvFxaHnJt5j+t0q8Bax GRd/o9lxotkncXP85VtndFrwt8IdWX2+uT5qMvNBxJpai+noJQiNHyqkUVXWyK4V Nn5OsAO4/feFEHGUlzn5//CQI+r0UQTSqEpFkG7tRnGkTcKNJ5h7tV32np6FYfYa gKcmmVA4Zf7Zt+5yqOF6GcQIFE9LKa/vcDHDpthXFhC0LJ9CEkWojxl+FoErAxFZ tluWh+Wz6TTFIlrpinm6c9Kzmdc1EO/60Z5TuEUPC6j84QEv2Y0mCnSqqhP64kmg BrHDT1uguILyY3giL7NvIoPCQ/D/618btBSgpw1V49QKVrbLyIrh8Dt7KILZje6i jhRcne39jq8c7y7ZSosFD4lk9G0eoNDCpD4N2mGCrb9PbtF1tnQiV4Wb8i86QX7P H52JMXteU51YevFrnhMT4EUU/6ZLqLP/K4Mh+IEcs/sCLI9kTnCkuAovv+5gSrtz eQkeqObFx038AoNma0DAeThwAoIEoTa/XalWjreY00kDi9sMEeA0ReeEfLUGnHXP KKxgHHeZ2VghDdvLIm5Rr++fHeR7Bzhz1tP5dFa+3ghQgudKKYss1I9LMJMVXzZs j6YBxq+FjfoywISRsqKYh/kDNZSaXW7apnmIKjqV1r9tlwoiH0udPYy/OEr4GqyV 4rMpTgR4msg3J6XcBFWflq9B2KBTUW/u7rxSdG62qygZ4JEIcQ2DXwEfpjBlhyrT NNXN/7KyMQUH6S/Jk64xfal/TzCc2vD2ftmdkCFVdgg4SflTskbX/ts/22dnmFCl rUBOZBR/t89Pau3dBa+0uDSWjR/ogBSWDc5dlCI2Um4SpHjWnl++aXAxCzCMBoRQ GM/HsqtDChOmsax7sCzMuz2RGsLxEGhhP74Cm/3OAs9c04lQ7XLIOUTt+8dWFa+H +GTAUfPFVFbFQShjpAwG0dq1Yr3/BXG408ORe70wCIC7pemYI5uV+pG31kFtTzmL OtvNMJg+01krTZ731CNv0A9Q2YqlOiNaxBcnIPd9lhcmcpgM/o/3pacCeD7cK6Mb IlkBWhEvx/RoqcL5RkA5AC0w72eLTLeYvBFiFr96mnwYugO3tY/QdRXTEVBJ02FL 56B+dEMAdQ3x0sWHUziQWer8PXhczdMcB2SL7cA6XDuK1G0GTVnBPVc3Ryn8TilT YuKlGRIEUwQovBUir6KP9f4WVeMEylvIwnrQ4MajndTfKJVsFLOMyTaCzv5AK71e gtKcRk5E6103tI/FaN/gzG6OFrrqBeUTVZDxkpTnPoNnsCFtu4FQMLneVZE/CAOc QjUcWeVRXdWvjgiaFeYl6Pbe5jk4bEZJfXomMoh3TeWBp96WKbQbRCQUH5ePuDMS CO/ew8bg3jm8VwY/Pc1sRwNzwIiR6inLx8xtZIO4iJCDrOhqp7UbHCz+birRjZfO NvvFbqQvrpfmp6wRSGRHjDZt8eux57EakJhQT9WXW98fSdxwACtjwXOanSY/utQH P2qfbCuK9LTDMqEDoM/6Xe6y0GLKPCFf02ACa+fFFk9KRCTvdJSIBNZvRkh3Msgg LHlUeGR7TqcdYnwIYCTMo1SkHwh3s48Zs3dK0glcjaU7Bp4hx2ri0gB+FnGe1ACA 0zT32lLp9aWZBDnK8IOpW4M/Aq0QoIwabQ8mDAByhb1KL0dwOlrvRlKH0lOxisIl FDFiEP9WaBSxD4eik9bxmdPDlZmQ0MEmi09Q1fn877vyN70MKLgBgtZll0HxTxC/ uyG7oSq2IKojlvVsBoa06pAXmQIkIWsv6K12xKkUju+ahqNjWmqne8Hc+2+6Wad9 /am3Uw3AyoZIyNlzc44Burjwi0kF6EqkZBvWAkEM2XUgJl8vIx8rNeFesvoE0r2U 1ad6uvHg4WEBCpkAh/W0bqmIsrwFEv2g+pI9rdbEXFMB0JSDZzJltasuEPS6Ug9r utVkpcPV4nvbCA99IOEylqMYGVTDnGSclD6+F99cH3quCo/hJsR3WFpdTWSKDQCL avXozTG+aakpbU8/0l7YbyIeS5P2X1kplnUzYkuSNXUMMHB1ULWFNtEJpxMcWlu+ SlcVVnwSU0rsdmB2Huu5+uKJHHdFibgOVmrVV93vc2cZa3In6phw7wnd/seda5MZ poebUgXXa/erpazzOvtZ0X/FTmg4PWvloI6bZtpT3N4Ai7KUuFgr0TLNzEmVn9vC HlJyGIDIrQNSx58DpDu9hMTN/cbFKQBeHnzZo0mnFoo1Vpul3qgYlo1akUZr1uZO IL9iQXGYr8ToHCjdd+1AKCMjmLUvvehryE9HW5AWcQziqrwRoGtNuskB7BbPNlyj 8tU4E5SKaToPk+ecRspdWm3KPSjKUK0YvRP8pVBZ3ZsYX3n5xHGWpOgbIQS8RgoF HgLy6ERP -----END PUBLIC KEY----- Massimo, et al. Expires 6 August 2025 [Page 20] Internet-Draft ML-DSA in Certificates February 2025 SEQUENCE { SEQUENCE { OBJECT_IDENTIFIER { 2.16.840.1.101.3.4.3.18 } } BIT_STRING { `00` `48683d91978e31eb3dddb8b0473482d2b88a5f62594 9fd8f58a561e696bd4c27d05b38dbb2edf01e664efd81be1ea893688ce68aa2d 51c5958f8bbc6eb4e89ee67d2c0320954d57212cac7229ff1d6eaf03928bd515 11f8d88d847736c7de2730d5978e5410713160978867711bf5539a0bfc4c350c 2be572baf0ee2e2fb16ccfea08028d99ac49aebb75937ddce111cdab62fff3ce a8ba2233d1e56fbc5c5a1e726de63fadd2af016b119177fa3d971a2d9277173f ce55b67745af0b7c21d597dbeb93e6a32f341c49a5a8be9e825088d1f2aa4515 5d6c8ae15367e4eb003b8fdf7851071949739f9fff09023eaf45104d2a84a459 06eed4671a44dc28d27987bb55df69e9e8561f61a80a72699503865fed9b7ee7 2a8e17a19c408144f4b29afef7031c3a6d8571610b42c9f421245a88f197e168 12b031159b65b9687e5b3e934c5225ae98a79ba73d2b399d73510effad19e53b 8450f0ba8fce1012fd98d260a74aaaa13fae249a006b1c34f5ba0b882f263782 22fb36f2283c243f0ffeb5f1bb414a0a70d55e3d40a56b6cbc88ae1f03b7b288 2d98deea28e145c9dedfd8eaf1cef2ed94a8b050f8964f46d1ea0d0c2a43e0dd a6182adbf4f6ed175b6742257859bf22f3a417ecf1f9d89317b5e539d587af16 b9e1313e04514ffa64ba8b3ff2b8321f8811cb3fb022c8f644e70a4b80a2fbfe e604abb7379091ea8e6c5c74dfc0283666b40c0793870028204a136bf5da9568 eb798d349038bdb0c11e03445e7847cb5069c75cf28ac601c7799d958210ddbc b226e51afef9f1de47b073873d6d3f97456bede085082e74a298b2cd48f4b309 3155f366c8fa601c6af858dfa32c08491b2a29887f90335949a5d6edaa679882 a3a95d6bf6d970a221f4b9d3d8cbf384af81aac95e2b3294e04789ac83727a5d c04559f96af41d8a053516feeeebc52746eb6ab2819e09108710d835f011fa63 065872ad334d5cdffb2b2310507e92fc993ae317da97f4f309cdaf0f67ed99d9 0215576083849f953b246d7fedb3fdb67679850a5ad404e64147fb7cf4f6aedd d05afb4b834968d1fe88014960dce5d942236526e12a478d69e5fbe6970310b3 08c06845018cfc7b2ab430a13a6b1ac7bb02cccbb3d911ac2f11068613fbe029 bfdce02cf5cd38950ed72c83944edfbc75615af87f864c051f3c55456c541286 3a40c06d1dab562bdff0571b8d3c3917bbd300880bba5e998239b95fa91b7d64 16d4f398b3adbcd30983ed3592b4d9ef7d4236fd00f50d98aa53a235ac417272 0f77d96172672980cfe8ff7a5a702783edc2ba31b2259015a112fc7f468a9c2f 9464039002d30ef678b4cb798bc116216bf7a9a7c18ba03b7b58fd07515d3115 049d3614be7a07e744300750df1d2c58753389059eafc3d785ccdd31c07648be dc03a5c3b8ad46d064d59c13d57374729fc4e295362e2a5191204530428bc152 2afa28ff5fe1655e304ca5bc8c27ad0e0c6a39dd4df28956c14b38cc93682cef e402bbd5e82d29c464e44eb5d37b48fc568dfe0cc6e8e16baea05e5135590f19 294e73e8367b0216dbb815030b9de55913f08039c42351c59e5515dd5af8e089 a15e625e8f6dee639386c46497d7a263288774de581a7de9629b41b4424141f9 78fb8331208efdec3c6e0de39bc57063f3dcd6c470373c08891ea29cbc7cc6d6 483b8889083ace86aa7b51b1c2cfe6e2ad18d97ce36fbc56ea42fae97e6a7ac1 14864478c366df1ebb1e7b11a9098504fd5975bdf1f49dc70002b63c1739a9d2 63fbad4073f6a9f6c2b8af4b4c332a103a0cffa5deeb2d062ca3c215fd360026 be7c5164f4a4424ef74948804d66f46487732c8202c795478647b4ea71d627c0 86024cca354a41f0877b38f19b3774ad2095c8da53b069e21c76ae2d2007e167 19ed40080d334f7da52e9f5a5990439caf083a95b833f02ad10a08c1a6d0f260 Massimo, et al. Expires 6 August 2025 [Page 21] Internet-Draft ML-DSA in Certificates February 2025 c007285bd4a2f47703a5aef465287d253b18ac22514316210ff566814b10f87a 293d6f199d3c3959990d0c1268b4f50d5f9fcefbbf237bd0c28b80182d665974 1f14f10bfbb21bba12ab620aa2396f56c0686b4ea9017990224216b2fe8ad76c 4a9148eef9a86a3635a6aa77bc1dcfb6fba59a77dfda9b7530dc0ca8648c8d97 3738e01bab8f08b4905e84aa4641bd602410cd97520265f2f231f2b35e15eb2f a04d2bd94d5a77abaf1e0e161010a990087f5b46ea988b2bc0512fda0fa923da dd6c45c5301d09483673265b5ab2e10f4ba520f6bbad564a5c3d5e27bdb080f7 d20e13296a3181954c39c649c943ebe17df5c1f7aae0a8fe126c477585a5d4d6 48a0d008b6af5e8cd31be69a9296d4f3fd25ed86f221e4b93f65f59299675336 24b9235750c30707550b58536d109a7131c5a5bbe4a5715567c12534aec76607 61eebb9fae2891c774589b80e566ad557ddef7367196b7227ea9870ef09ddfec 79d6b9319a6879b5205d76bf7aba5acf33afb59d17fc54e68383d6be5a08e9b6 6da53dcde008bb294b8582bd132cdcc49959fdbc21e52721880c8ad0352c79f0 3a43bbd84c4cdfdc6c529005e1e7cd9a349a7168a35569ba5dea818968d5a914 66bd6e64e20bf62417198afc4e81c28dd77ed4028232398b52fbde86bc84f475 b9016710ce2aabc11a06b4dbac901ec16cf365ca3f2d53813948a693a0f93e79 c46ca5d5a6dca3d28ca50ad18bd13fca55059dd9b185f79f9c47196a4e81b210 4bc460a051e02f2e8444f` } } The following is the ML-DSA-87 public key corresponding to the private key in the previous section. -----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY----- MIIKMjALBglghkgBZQMEAxMDggohAJeSvOwvJDBoaoL8zzwvX/Zl53HXq0G5AljP p+kOyXEkpzsyO5uiGrZNdnxDP1pSHv/hj4bkahiJUsRGfgSLcp5/xNEV5+SNoYlt X+EZsQ3N3vYssweVQHS0IzblKDbeYdqUH4036misgQb6vhkHBnmvYAhTcSD3B5O4 6pzA5ue3tMmlx0IcYPJEUboekz2xou4Wx5VZ8hs9G4MFhQqkKvuxPx9NW59INfnY ffzrFi0O9Kf9xMuhdDzRyHu0ln2hbMh2S2Vp347lvcv/6aTgV0jm/fIlr55O63dz ti6Phfm1a1SJRVUYRPvYmAakrDab7S0lYQD2iKatXgpwmCbcREnpHiPFUG5kI2Hv WjE3EvebxLMYaGHKhaS6sX5/lD0bijM6o6584WtEDWAY+eBNr1clx/GpP60aWie2 eJW9JJqpFoXeIK8yyLfiaMf5aHfQyFABE1pPCo8bgmT6br5aNJ2K7K0aFimczy/Z x7hbrOLO06oSdrph7njtflyltnzdRYqTVAMOaru6v1agojFv7J26g7UdQv0xZ/Hg +QhV1cZlCbIQJl3B5U7ES0O6fPmu8Ri0TYCRLOdRZqZlHhFs6+SSKacGLAmTH3Gr 0ik/dvfvwyFbqXgAA35Y5HC9u7Q8GwQ56vecVNk7RKrJ7+n74VGHTPsqZMvuKMxM D+d3Xl2HDxwC5bLjxQBMmV8kybd5y3U6J30Ocf1CXra8LKVs4SnbUfcHQPMeY5dr UMcxLpeX14xbGsJKX6NHzJFuCoP1w7Z1zTC4Hj+hC5NETgc5dXHM6Yso2lHbkFa8 coxbCxGB4vvTh7THmrGl/v7ONxZ693LdrRTrTDmC2lpZ0OnrFz7GMVCRFwAno6te 9qoSnLhYVye5NYooUB1xOnLz8dsxcUKG+bZAgBOvBgRddVkvwLfdR8c+2cdbEenX xp98rfwygKkGLFJzxDvhw0+HRIhkzqe1yX1tMvWb1fJThGU7tcT6pFvqi4lAKEPm Rba5Jp4r2YjdrLAzMo/7BgRQ998IAFPmlpslHodezsMs/FkoQNaatpp14Gs3nFNd lSZrCC9PCckxYrM7DZ9zB6TqqlIQRDf+1m+O4+q71F1nslqBM/SWRotSuv/b+tk+ 7xqYGLXkLscieIo9jTUp/Hd9K6VwgB364B7IgwKDfB+54DVXJ2Re4QRsP5Ffaugt rU+2sDVqRlGP/INBVcO0/m2vpsyKXM9TxzoISdjUT33PcnVOcOG337RHu070nRpx j2Fxu84gCVDgzpJhBrFRo+hx1c5JcxvWZQqbDKly2hxfE21Egg6mODwI87OEzyM4 54nFE/YYzFaUpvDO4QRRHh7XxfI6Hr/YoNuEJFUyQBVtv2IoMbDGQ9HFUbbz96mN KbhcLeBaZfphXu4WSVvZBzdnIRW1PpHF2QAozz8ak5U6FT3lO0QITpzP9rc2aTkm 2u/rstd6pa1om5LzFoZmnfFtFxXMWPeiz7ct0aUekvglmTp0Aivn6etgVGVEVwlN Massimo, et al. Expires 6 August 2025 [Page 22] Internet-Draft ML-DSA in Certificates February 2025 FJKPICFeeyIqxWtRrb7I2L22mDl5p+OiG0S10VGMqX0LUZX1HtaiQ1DIl0fh7epR tEjj6RRwVM6SeHPJDbOU2GiI4H3/F3WT1veeFSMCIErrA74jhq8+JAeL0CixaJ9e FHyfRSyM6wLsWcydtjoDV2zur+mCOQI4l9oCNmMKU8Def0NaGYaXkvqzbnueY1dg 8JBp5kMucAA1rCoCh5//Ch4b7FIgRxk9lOtd8e/VPuoRRMp4lAhS9eyXJ5BLNm7e T14tMx+tX8KC6ixH6SMUJ3HD3XWoc1dIfe+Z5fGOnZ7WI8F10CiIxR+CwHqA1UcW s8PCvb4unwqbuq6+tNUpNodkBvXADo5LvQpewFeX5iB8WrbIjxpohCG9BaEU9Nfe KsJB+g6L7f9H92Ldy+qpEAT40x6FCVyBBUmUrTgm40S6lgQIEPwLKtHeSM+t4ALG LlpJoHMas4NEvBY23xa/YH1WhV5W1oQAPHGOS62eWgmZefzd7rHEp3ds03o0F8sO GE4p75vA6HR1umY74J4Aq1Yut8D3Fl+WmptCQUGYzPG/8qLI1omkFOznZiknZlaJ 6U25YeuuxWFcvBp4lcaFGslhQy/xEY1GB9Mu+dxzLVEzO+S00OMN3qeE7Ki+R+dB vpwZYx3EcKUu9NwTpPNjP9Q014fBcJd7QX31mOHQ3eUGu3HW8LwX7HDjsDzcGWXL Npk/YzsEcuUNCSOsbGb98dPmRZzBIfD1+U0J6dvPXWkOIyM4OKC6y3xjjRsmUKQw jNFxtoVRJtHaZypu2FqNeMKG+1b0qz0hSXUoBFxjJiyKQq8vmALFO3u4vijnj+C1 zkX7t6GvGjsoqNlLeJDjyILjm8mOnwrXYCW/DdLwApjnFBoiaz187kFPYE0eC6VN EdX+WLzOpq13rS6MHKrPMkWQFLe5EAGx76itFypSP7jjZbV3Ehv5/Yiixgwh6CHX tqy0elqZXkDKztXCI7j+beXhjp0uWJOu/rt6rn/xoUYmDi8RDpOVKCE6ACWjjsea q8hhsl68UJpGdMEyqqy34BRvFO/RHPyvTKpPd1pxbOMl4KQ1pNNJ1yC88TdFCvxF BG/Bofg6nTKXd6cITkqtrnEizpcAWTBSjrPH9/ESmzcoh6NxFVo7ogGiXL8dy2Tn ze4JLDFB+1VQ/j0N2C6HDleLK0ZQCBgRO49laXc8Z3OFtppCt33Lp6z/2V/URS4j qqHTfh2iFR6mWNQKNZayesn4Ep3GzwZDdyYktZ9PRhIw30ccomCHw5QtXGaH32CC g1k1o/h8t2Kww7HQ3aSmUzllvvG3uCkuJUwBTQkP7YV8RMGDnGlMCmTj+tkKEfU0 citu4VdPLhSdVddE3kiHAk4IURQxwGJ1DhbHSrnzJC8ts/+xKo1hB/qiKdb2NzsH 8205MrO9sEwZ3WTq3X+Tw8Vkw1ihyB3PHJwx5bBlaPl1RMF9wVaYxcs4mDqa/EJ4 P6p3OlLJ2CYGkL6eMVaqW8FQneo/aVh2lc1v8XK6g+am2KfWu+u7zaNnJzGYP4m8 WDHcN8PzxcVvrMaX88sgvV2629cC5UhErC9iaQH+FZ25Pf1Hc9j+c1YrhGwfyFbR gCdihA68cteYi951y8pw0xnTLODMAlO7KtRVcj7gx/RzbObmZlxayjKkgcU4Obwl kWewE9BCM5Xuuaqu4yBhSafVUNZ/xf3+SopcNdJRC2ZDeauPcoVaKvR6vOKmMgSO r4nly0qI3rxTpZUQOszk8c/xis/wev4etXFqoeQLYxNMOjrpV5+of1Fb4JPC0p22 1rZck2YeAGNrWScE0JPMZxbCNC6xhT1IyFxjrIooVEYse3fn470erFvKKP+qALXT SfilR62HW5aowrKRDJMBMJo/kTilaTER9Vs8AJypR8Od/ILZjrHKpKnL6IX3hvqG 5VvgYiIvi6kKl0BzMmsxISrs4KNKYA== -----END PUBLIC KEY----- SEQUENCE { SEQUENCE { OBJECT_IDENTIFIER { 2.16.840.1.101.3.4.3.19 } } BIT_STRING { `00` `9792bcec2f2430686a82fccf3c2f5ff665e771d7ab4 1b90258cfa7e90ec97124a73b323b9ba21ab64d767c433f5a521effe18f86e46 a188952c4467e048b729e7fc4d115e7e48da1896d5fe119b10dcddef62cb3079 54074b42336e52836de61da941f8d37ea68ac8106fabe19070679af600853712 0f70793b8ea9cc0e6e7b7b4c9a5c7421c60f24451ba1e933db1a2ee16c79559f 21b3d1b8305850aa42afbb13f1f4d5b9f4835f9d87dfceb162d0ef4a7fdc4cba 1743cd1c87bb4967da16cc8764b6569df8ee5bdcbffe9a4e05748e6fdf225af9 e4eeb7773b62e8f85f9b56b548945551844fbd89806a4ac369bed2d256100f68 8a6ad5e0a709826dc4449e91e23c5506e642361ef5a313712f79bc4b3186861c a85a4bab17e7f943d1b8a333aa3ae7ce16b440d6018f9e04daf5725c7f1a93fa d1a5a27b67895bd249aa91685de20af32c8b7e268c7f96877d0c85001135a4f0 Massimo, et al. Expires 6 August 2025 [Page 23] Internet-Draft ML-DSA in Certificates February 2025 a8f1b8264fa6ebe5a349d8aecad1a16299ccf2fd9c7b85bace2ced3aa1276ba6 1ee78ed7e5ca5b67cdd458a9354030e6abbbabf56a0a2316fec9dba83b51d42f d3167f1e0f90855d5c66509b210265dc1e54ec44b43ba7cf9aef118b44d80912 ce75166a6651e116cebe49229a7062c09931f71abd2293f76f7efc3215ba9780 0037e58e470bdbbb43c1b0439eaf79c54d93b44aac9efe9fbe151874cfb2a64c bee28cc4c0fe7775e5d870f1c02e5b2e3c5004c995f24c9b779cb753a277d0e7 1fd425eb6bc2ca56ce129db51f70740f31e63976b50c7312e9797d78c5b1ac24 a5fa347cc916e0a83f5c3b675cd30b81e3fa10b93444e07397571cce98b28da5 1db9056bc728c5b0b1181e2fbd387b4c79ab1a5fefece37167af772ddad14eb4 c3982da5a59d0e9eb173ec6315091170027a3ab5ef6aa129cb8585727b9358a2 8501d713a72f3f1db31714286f9b6408013af06045d75592fc0b7dd47c73ed9c 75b11e9d7c69f7cadfc3280a9062c5273c43be1c34f87448864cea7b5c97d6d3 2f59bd5f25384653bb5c4faa45bea8b89402843e645b6b9269e2bd988ddacb03 3328ffb060450f7df080053e6969b251e875ecec32cfc592840d69ab69a75e06 b379c535d95266b082f4f09c93162b33b0d9f7307a4eaaa52104437fed66f8ee 3eabbd45d67b25a8133f496468b52baffdbfad93eef1a9818b5e42ec722788a3 d8d3529fc777d2ba570801dfae01ec88302837c1fb9e0355727645ee1046c3f9 15f6ae82dad4fb6b0356a46518ffc834155c3b4fe6dafa6cc8a5ccf53c73a084 9d8d44f7dcf72754e70e1b7dfb447bb4ef49d1a718f6171bbce200950e0ce926 106b151a3e871d5ce49731bd6650a9b0ca972da1c5f136d44820ea6383c08f3b 384cf2338e789c513f618cc5694a6f0cee104511e1ed7c5f23a1ebfd8a0db842 4553240156dbf622831b0c643d1c551b6f3f7a98d29b85c2de05a65fa615eee1 6495bd90737672115b53e91c5d90028cf3f1a93953a153de53b44084e9ccff6b 736693926daefebb2d77aa5ad689b92f31686669df16d1715cc58f7a2cfb72dd 1a51e92f825993a74022be7e9eb6054654457094d14928f20215e7b222ac56b5 1adbec8d8bdb6983979a7e3a21b44b5d1518ca97d0b5195f51ed6a24350c8974 7e1edea51b448e3e9147054ce927873c90db394d86888e07dff177593d6f79e1 52302204aeb03be2386af3e24078bd028b1689f5e147c9f452c8ceb02ec59cc9 db63a03576ceeafe98239023897da0236630a53c0de7f435a19869792fab36e7 b9e635760f09069e6432e700035ac2a02879fff0a1e1bec522047193d94eb5df 1efd53eea1144ca78940852f5ec9727904b366ede4f5e2d331fad5fc282ea2c4 7e923142771c3dd75a87357487def99e5f18e9d9ed623c175d02888c51f82c07 a80d54716b3c3c2bdbe2e9f0a9bbaaebeb4d52936876406f5c00e8e4bbd0a5ec 05797e6207c5ab6c88f1a688421bd05a114f4d7de2ac241fa0e8bedff47f762d dcbeaa91004f8d31e85095c81054994ad3826e344ba96040810fc0b2ad1de48c fade002c62e5a49a0731ab38344bc1636df16bf607d56855e56d684003c718e4 bad9e5a099979fcddeeb1c4a7776cd37a3417cb0e184e29ef9bc0e87475ba663 be09e00ab562eb7c0f7165f969a9b42414198ccf1bff2a2c8d689a414ece7662 927665689e94db961ebaec5615cbc1a7895c6851ac961432ff1118d4607d32ef 9dc732d51333be4b4d0e30ddea784eca8be47e741be9c19631dc470a52ef4dc1 3a4f3633fd434d787c170977b417df598e1d0dde506bb71d6f0bc17ec70e3b03 cdc1965cb36993f633b0472e50d0923ac6c66fdf1d3e6459cc121f0f5f94d09e 9dbcf5d690e23233838a0bacb7c638d1b2650a4308cd171b6855126d1da672a6 ed85a8d78c286fb56f4ab3d21497528045c63262c8a42af2f9802c53b7bb8be2 8e78fe0b5ce45fbb7a1af1a3b28a8d94b7890e3c882e39bc98e9f0ad76025bf0 dd2f00298e7141a226b3d7cee414f604d1e0ba54d11d5fe58bccea6ad77ad2e8 c1caacf32459014b7b91001b1efa8ad172a523fb8e365b577121bf9fd88a2c60 c21e821d7b6acb47a5a995e40caced5c223b8fe6de5e18e9d2e5893aefebb7aa Massimo, et al. Expires 6 August 2025 [Page 24] Internet-Draft ML-DSA in Certificates February 2025 e7ff1a146260e2f110e939528213a0025a38ec79aabc861b25ebc509a4674c13 2aaacb7e0146f14efd11cfcaf4caa4f775a716ce325e0a435a4d349d720bcf13 7450afc45046fc1a1f83a9d329777a7084e4aadae7122ce97005930528eb3c7f 7f1129b372887a371155a3ba201a25cbf1dcb64e7cdee092c3141fb5550fe3d0 dd82e870e578b2b46500818113b8f6569773c677385b69a42b77dcba7acffd95 fd4452e23aaa1d37e1da2151ea658d40a3596b27ac9f8129dc6cf0643772624b 59f4f461230df471ca26087c3942d5c6687df6082835935a3f87cb762b0c3b1d 0dda4a6533965bef1b7b8292e254c014d090fed857c44c1839c694c0a64e3fad 90a11f534722b6ee1574f2e149d55d744de4887024e08511431c062750e16c74 ab9f3242f2db3ffb12a8d6107faa229d6f6373b07f36d3932b3bdb04c19dd64e add7f93c3c564c358a1c81dcf1c9c31e5b06568f97544c17dc15698c5cb38983 a9afc42783faa773a52c9d8260690be9e3156aa5bc1509dea3f69587695cd6ff 172ba83e6a6d8a7d6bbebbbcda3672731983f89bc5831dc37c3f3c5c56facc69 7f3cb20bd5dbadbd702e54844ac2f626901fe159db93dfd4773d8fe73562b846 c1fc856d1802762840ebc72d7988bde75cbca70d319d32ce0cc0253bb2ad4557 23ee0c7f4736ce6e6665c5aca32a481c53839bc259167b013d0423395eeb9aaa ee3206149a7d550d67fc5fdfe4a8a5c35d2510b664379ab8f72855a2af47abce 2a632048eaf89e5cb4a88debc53a595103acce4f1cff18acff07afe1eb5716aa 1e40b63134c3a3ae9579fa87f515be093c2d29db6d6b65c93661e00636b59270 4d093cc6716c2342eb1853d48c85c63ac8a2854462c7b77e7e3bd1eac5bca28f faa00b5d349f8a547ad875b96a8c2b2910c9301309a3f9138a5693111f55b3c0 09ca947c39dfc82d98eb1caa4a9cbe885f786fa86e55be062222f8ba90a97407 3326b31212aece0a34a60` } } C.3. Example Certificates | The example certificates in this section have key usage bits | set to digitalSignature, keyCertSign, and cRLSign to lessen the | number of examples, i.e., brevity. Certificate Policies (CPs) | [RFC3647] for production CAs should consider whether this | combination is appropriate. The following is a self-signed certificate for the ML-DSA-44 public key in the previous section. -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE----- MIIPlDCCBgqgAwIBAgIUFZ/+byL9XMQsUk32/V4o0N44804wCwYJYIZIAWUDBAMR MCIxDTALBgNVBAoTBElFVEYxETAPBgNVBAMTCExBTVBTIFdHMB4XDTIwMDIwMzA0 MzIxMFoXDTQwMDEyOTA0MzIxMFowIjENMAsGA1UEChMESUVURjERMA8GA1UEAxMI TEFNUFMgV0cwggUyMAsGCWCGSAFlAwQDEQOCBSEA17K0clSq4NtF55MNSpjSyX2P E5fReJ2voXAksxbpvslPyZRtQvGbeadBO7qjPnFJy0LtURVpOsBB+suYit61/g4d hjEYSZW1ksOX0ilOLhT5CqQUujgmiZrEP0zMrLwm6agyuVEY1ctDPL75ZgsAE44I F/YediyidMNq1VTrIqrBFi5KsBrLoeOMTv2PgLZbMz0PcuVd/nHOnB67mInnxWEG wP1zgDoq7P6v3teqPLLO2lTRK9jNNqeM+XWUO0er0l6ICsRS5XQu0ejRqCr6huWQ x1jBWuTShA2SvKGlCQ9ASWWX/KfYuVE/GhvabpUKqpjeRnUH1KT1pPBZkhZYLDVy 9i7aiQWrNYFnDEoCd3oz4Mpylf2PT/bRoKOnaD1l9fX3/GDaAj6CbF+SFEwC99G6 EHWYdVPqk2f8122ZC3+pnNRa/biDbUPkWfUYffBYR5cJoB6mg1k1+nBGCZDNPcG6 Massimo, et al. Expires 6 August 2025 [Page 25] Internet-Draft ML-DSA in Certificates February 2025 QBupS6sd3kGsZ6szGdysoGBI1MTu8n7hOpwX0FOPQw8tZC3CQVZg3niHfY2KvHJS OXjAQuQoX0MZhGxEEmJCl2hEwQ5Va6IVtacZ5Z0MayqW05hZBx/cws3nUkp77a5U 6FsxjoVOj+Ky8+36yXGRKCcKr9HlBEw6T9r9n/MfkHhLjo5FlhRKDa9YZRHT2ZYr nqla8Ze05fxg8rHtFd46W+9fib3HnZEFHZsoFudPpUUx79wcvnTUSIV/R2vNWPIc C2U7O3ak4HamVZowJxhVXMY/dIWaq6uSXwI4YcqM0Pe62yhx9n1VMm10URNa1F9K G6aRGPuyyKMO7JOS7z+XcGbJrdXHEMxkexUU0hfZWMcBfD6Q/SDATmdLkEhuk3Cj GgAdMvRzl55JBnSefkd/oLdFCPil8jeDErg8Jb04jKCw//dHi69CtxZn7arJfEax KWQ+WG5bBVoMIRlG1PNuZ1vtWGD6BCoxXZgmFk1qkjfDWl+/SVSQpb1N8ki5XEqu d4S2BWcxZqxCRbW0sIKgnpMj5i8geMW3Z4NEbe/XNq06NwLUmwiYRJAKYYMzl7xE GbMNepegs4fBkRR0xNQbU+Mql3rLbw6nXbZbs55Z5wHnaVfe9vLURVnDGncSK1IE 47XCGfFoixTtC8C4AbPm6C3NQ+nA6fQXRM2YFb0byIINi7Ej8E+s0bG2hd1aKxuN u/PtkzZw8JWhgLTxktCLELj6u9/MKyRRjjLuoKXgyQTKhEeACD87DNLQuLavZ7w1 W5SUAl3HsKePqA46Lb/rUTKIUdYHgZjpSTZRrnh+wCUfkiujDp9R32Km1yeEzz3S BTkxdt+jJKUSvZSXCjbdNKUUqGeR8Os28BRbCatkZRtKAxOymWEaKhxIiRYnWYdo oxFAYLpEQ0ht9RUioc6IswmFwhb45u0XjdVnswSg1Mr7qIKig0LxepqiauWNtjAI PSw1j99WbD9dYqQoVnvJ6ozpXKoPNUdLC/qPM5olCrTfzyCDvo7vvBBV4Y/hU3Du yyYFZtg/8GshGq7EPKKbVMzQD4gVokZe8LRlFcx+QfMSTwnv/3OTCatYspoUWaAL zlA46TjJZ49y6w5O5f2q5m2fhXP8l/xCtJWfS/i2HXhDPoawM11ukZHE2L9IezkF wQjP1qwksM633LfPUfhNDtaHuV6uscUzwG8NlwI9kqcIJYN7Wbpst9TlawqHwgOG KujzFbpZJejt76Z5NpoiAnZhUfFqll+fgeznbMBwtVhp5NuXhM8FyDCzJCyDEqNC MEAwDgYDVR0PAQH/BAQDAgGGMA8GA1UdEwEB/wQFMAMBAf8wHQYDVR0OBBYEFDKa B7H6u0j1KjCfEaGJj4SOIyL/MAsGCWCGSAFlAwQDEQOCCXUAZ6iVH8MI4S9oZ2Ef 3CVL9Ly1FPf18v3rcvqOGgMAYWd7hM0nVZfYMVQZWWaxQWcMsOiBE0YNl4oaejiV wRykGZV3XAnWTd60e8h8TovxyTJ/xK/Vw3hlU+F9YpsPJxQnZUgUMrXnzNC6YeUc rT3Y+Vk4wjXr7O6vixauM2bzAMU1jse+nrI6HqGj2lhoZwTwSD+Wim5LH4lnCgE0 s2oY1scn3JsCexJ5R5OkjHq2bt9XrBgRORTADQoRtlplL0d3Eze/dDZm/Klby9OR Ia4HUL7FWtWoy86Y5TiuUjlH1pKZdjMPyj/JXAHRQDtJ5cuoGBL0NlDdATEJNCee zQfMqzTCyjCn091QkuFjDhQjzJ+sQ6G02w49lw8Kpm1ASuh7BLTPcuz7Z+rLpNjN jmW67rR6+hHMK474mSKIZnuO3vVKnidntjLhSYc1soxvYPCLWWnl4m3XyjlrnlzD 4Soec2I2AjKNZKCO9KKa81cRzIcNJjc7sbnrLv/hKXNUTESn4s3yAyRPU7N6bVIy N9ifBvb1U07WMRPI8A7/f9zVCaLYx87ym9P7GGpMjDYrPUQpOaKQdu4ycWuPrlEA 2BoHIVzbHHm9373BT1LjcxjR5SbbhNFg+42hwG284VlVzcLW/XiipaWN8jnONmxt kLMui9R/wf0TCehilMDDtRznfm37b2ci5o9MP/LrTDRpMVBudDuwIZmLgPQ/bj08 n+VHd8D2WADpR/kEMpDhSwG2P44mwwE4CUKGbHS0qQLOSRwMlQVEzwxpOOrLMusw JmzoLE0KNsUR6o/3xAlUmjqCZMqYPYxtXgNfJEJDp3V1iqyZK1iES3EQ0/h8m7oZ 3YqNKrEpTgVV7EmVpUjcVszjWgXcSKynVVsWQd3j0Zf83zXRLwmq8+anJ3XNGCSa IecO2sZxDbaiHhwFYRkt0BGRM2QM//IPMYeXhRa/1svmbOEHGxJG9LqTffkBs+01 Bp7r3/9lRZ+5t3eukpinpJrCT0AgeV3l3ujbzyCiQbboFDaPS4+kKvi+iS2eHjiu S/WkfP1Go5jksxhkceJFNPsTmGCyXGPy2/haU9hkiMg9/wmuIKm/gxRfIBh/DoIr 1HWZjTuWcBGWTu2NuXeAVO/MbMtpB0u6mWYktHQcVxA2LenU+N5LEPbbHp+AmPQC RZPqBziTyx/nuVnFD+/EAbPKzeqMKhcTW6nfkKt/Md4zmi1vhWxx7c+wDlo9cyAf vsS0p5uXKK1wzaC4mBIVdPYNlZtAjBCK8asKpH3/NyYJ8xhsBjxXLLiQifKiGOpA LLBy/LyJWmo4R4zkAtUILD4FcsIyLMIJlsqWjaNdey7bwGI75hZQkBIF8QJxFVtT n4HQBtuNe2ek7e72d+bayceJvlUAFXTu6oeX9/UuS7AhuY4giNzI1pNOgNwWXRxx REmwvPrzJatZZ7cwfsKTezSSQlv2O4q70+2X2h0VtUg/pkz3GknE07S3ggDR9Qkg bywQS/42luPIADbbAKXhHaBaX/TaD/uZVn+BOZ5sqWmxEbbHtvzlSea02J1Fk4Hq kWbpuzByCJ25SuDRr+Xyn84ZDnetumQ0lBkc2ro+rZKXw8YGMyt0aX8ZwJxL4qNB /WFFEproVsOru8G7iwXgt4QP8WRBSp2kTlQUbNTF3gxOTsslkUErTnvcRQ0GpK06 Massimo, et al. Expires 6 August 2025 [Page 26] Internet-Draft ML-DSA in Certificates February 2025 DRQG8wbjgewpHyw7O8Sfi34EjAzic0gwtIp501/MWmKpRUgAow9LPreiaLq2TBIQ DXEhUb9fEhY77QKeir8cpue3sShqcz9TLa5REJGqsP/8/URk7lZjiI+YWbRLp2U2 D//0NPEq8fxrzNtacZRxSdx2id/yTWumtj5swjFA4yk0tunadltDMgEYuKgR+Jw9 G3/yFTDnepHK41V6x8eE/4JjUAvIJWADDWxudO7oF/wsY0AnUuWe9DkW09g8IWhk NukDTdpsl08hCLF06qH3MSHJrdUAzs2GGLMCvtrXK2L3k70PcLqMXhbPSr7d1RGW gW0BlRfR4l+2LJ952SMv3xzuxgT43aX3FFVBxXk7nFrhWJWIpJpuYXRhTqASkzoZ KzsIRyW0ZbsaIsy0tgzzyhQvdoOoJn+2sKjcCzpfY6tgRD9sfucOm1sGet/cM5YP iJYei2qKMeYcvACWiI8GNGY37OzhlikbleO4xXnfJwEOYx66NjTHZqkz1/TiCBGU a7h+l/fnut6VfkxS1yZ2r5Gsdx7DUfNkEeKyzIMnYRA3zw3047lHqH714rV5VbE3 yYEQWvdtYlHMFM2z9DDta59RRATOemm7AA1fYsfodrV/QPJi5qPmvpHtCvfItbdL Fg88Zh1zV5nV+0doUTXFVR9poJRE9fASlfU5qCJ9Jx5ISfvIkGz1fmfqXhUN9fE7 C0Evl7IYQLguTXFznRvsXvnliwR9Ut/g85JtXUiku4F2ThCBMHBDbov6p128kP+2 7LBgShM4IG80clxon8sWh6y0RLUz1MTamEYZKCXAPZzJoWhbzdNns/QTsjNP8wlu vBRtdkb6w4Vrm6GO2BXY6pQUBPcoDuymAhfAF9TxRn860OQeMcT/NRsU9Z/8nRnz 3KbAuMTYsQ6qbjuLTDwfF9B4b4YUDQR22z8wlzCNLzgwFlGSI12xhf3ejRlwjGZJ J/11Up4pEegRS/c+Li2OUvQr9Jxi8XGIdEJZY1T8oVpzDJf3C29gpARWSDAXrFn0 lgZHnqFyebeC1uDW8r/wGtYmI2EC53+FlOF5AFcH+3LzObZzerqwror4UMOA+B5c QMU5vDv1LFcWLzvJHMXJfCHL5nVSukXCMawr+DbeKjrkseG0UX0gpUbQy0vHIH1K 2geD2xyl3TJ8jCaKOxb/Hu+KfkvtOCsh07TA+cnTV1WHR77svUcMErzHXWOFm8+U omIXALO1EiDbpu38gERRLkC84eMhRBQjKcdmlcBFsmilt3cfIofypuhMRiIFjIke 00y2GEdQVsZGA/LX1HILqD4dEFDDQI2LPvCG5qe28HTfWspzsqK94IRESzm+Vmdp IjNzkTyrPI06yMvxaHGajwUtLWCReJOG/uXhswbX7EviVYyqCR4vzDLDVXAulxo/ OsHaQhMX8xYOLXontx7SNCBlu/EEBww5QklKUldgd5igr7bDxsvZ6vHy/wcNIzY3 RUdidnuDkpSm1hIoLz4/SW2Tm6C2u9La5evu7xAfIy1ul8LE3/P0AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAABcmOEM= -----END CERTIFICATE----- SEQUENCE { SEQUENCE { [0] { INTEGER { 2 } } INTEGER { `159ffe6f22fd5cc42c524df6fd5e28d0de38f34e` } SEQUENCE { OBJECT_IDENTIFIER { 2.16.840.1.101.3.4.3.17 } } SEQUENCE { SET { SEQUENCE { # organizationName OBJECT_IDENTIFIER { 2.5.4.10 } PrintableString { "IETF" } } } SET { SEQUENCE { # commonName OBJECT_IDENTIFIER { 2.5.4.3 } Massimo, et al. Expires 6 August 2025 [Page 27] Internet-Draft ML-DSA in Certificates February 2025 PrintableString { "LAMPS WG" } } } } SEQUENCE { UTCTime { "200203043210Z" } UTCTime { "400129043210Z" } } SEQUENCE { SET { SEQUENCE { # organizationName OBJECT_IDENTIFIER { 2.5.4.10 } PrintableString { "IETF" } } } SET { SEQUENCE { # commonName OBJECT_IDENTIFIER { 2.5.4.3 } PrintableString { "LAMPS WG" } } } } SEQUENCE { SEQUENCE { OBJECT_IDENTIFIER { 2.16.840.1.101.3.4.3.17 } } BIT_STRING { `00` `d7b2b47254aae0db45e7930d4a98d2c97d8f139 7d1789dafa17024b316e9bec94fc9946d42f19b79a7413bbaa33e7149cb42ed5 115693ac041facb988adeb5fe0e1d8631184995b592c397d2294e2e14f90aa41 4ba3826899ac43f4cccacbc26e9a832b95118d5cb433cbef9660b00138e0817f 61e762ca274c36ad554eb22aac1162e4ab01acba1e38c4efd8f80b65b333d0f7 2e55dfe71ce9c1ebb9889e7c56106c0fd73803a2aecfeafded7aa3cb2ceda54d 12bd8cd36a78cf975943b47abd25e880ac452e5742ed1e8d1a82afa86e590c75 8c15ae4d2840d92bca1a5090f40496597fca7d8b9513f1a1bda6e950aaa98de4 67507d4a4f5a4f0599216582c3572f62eda8905ab3581670c4a02777a33e0ca7 295fd8f4ff6d1a0a3a7683d65f5f5f7fc60da023e826c5f92144c02f7d1ba107 5987553ea9367fcd76d990b7fa99cd45afdb8836d43e459f5187df058479709a 01ea6835935fa70460990cd3dc1ba401ba94bab1dde41ac67ab3319dcaca0604 8d4c4eef27ee13a9c17d0538f430f2d642dc2415660de78877d8d8abc7252397 8c042e4285f4319846c44126242976844c10e556ba215b5a719e59d0c6b2a96d 39859071fdcc2cde7524a7bedae54e85b318e854e8fe2b2f3edfac9719128270 aafd1e5044c3a4fdafd9ff31f90784b8e8e4596144a0daf586511d3d9962b9ea 95af197b4e5fc60f2b1ed15de3a5bef5f89bdc79d91051d9b2816e74fa54531e fdc1cbe74d448857f476bcd58f21c0b653b3b76a4e076a6559a302718555cc63 f74859aabab925f023861ca8cd0f7badb2871f67d55326d7451135ad45f4a1ba 69118fbb2c8a30eec9392ef3f977066c9add5c710cc647b1514d217d958c7017 Massimo, et al. Expires 6 August 2025 [Page 28] Internet-Draft ML-DSA in Certificates February 2025 c3e90fd20c04e674b90486e9370a31a001d32f473979e4906749e7e477fa0b74 508f8a5f2378312b83c25bd388ca0b0fff7478baf42b71667edaac97c46b1296 43e586e5b055a0c211946d4f36e675bed5860fa042a315d9826164d6a9237c35 a5fbf495490a5bd4df248b95c4aae7784b605673166ac4245b5b4b082a09e932 3e62f2078c5b76783446defd736ad3a3702d49b089844900a61833397bc4419b 30d7a97a0b387c1911474c4d41b53e32a977acb6f0ea75db65bb39e59e701e76 957def6f2d44559c31a77122b5204e3b5c219f1688b14ed0bc0b801b3e6e82dc d43e9c0e9f41744cd9815bd1bc8820d8bb123f04facd1b1b685dd5a2b1b8dbbf 3ed933670f095a180b4f192d08b10b8fabbdfcc2b24518e32eea0a5e0c904ca8 44780083f3b0cd2d0b8b6af67bc355b9494025dc7b0a78fa80e3a2dbfeb51328 851d6078198e9493651ae787ec0251f922ba30e9f51df62a6d72784cf3dd2053 93176dfa324a512bd94970a36dd34a514a86791f0eb36f0145b09ab64651b4a0 313b299611a2a1c48891627598768a3114060ba4443486df51522a1ce88b3098 5c216f8e6ed178dd567b304a0d4cafba882a28342f17a9aa26ae58db630083d2 c358fdf566c3f5d62a428567bc9ea8ce95caa0f35474b0bfa8f339a250ab4dfc f2083be8eefbc1055e18fe15370eecb260566d83ff06b211aaec43ca29b54ccd 00f8815a2465ef0b46515cc7e41f3124f09efff739309ab58b29a1459a00bce5 038e938c9678f72eb0e4ee5fdaae66d9f8573fc97fc42b4959f4bf8b61d78433 e86b0335d6e9191c4d8bf487b3905c108cfd6ac24b0ceb7dcb7cf51f84d0ed68 7b95eaeb1c533c06f0d97023d92a70825837b59ba6cb7d4e56b0a87c203862ae 8f315ba5925e8edefa679369a2202766151f16a965f9f81ece76cc070b55869e 4db9784cf05c830b3242c8312` } } [3] { SEQUENCE { SEQUENCE { # keyUsage OBJECT_IDENTIFIER { 2.5.29.15 } BOOLEAN { TRUE } OCTET_STRING { BIT_STRING { b`1000011` } } } SEQUENCE { # basicConstraints OBJECT_IDENTIFIER { 2.5.29.19 } BOOLEAN { TRUE } OCTET_STRING { SEQUENCE { BOOLEAN { TRUE } } } } SEQUENCE { # subjectKeyIdentifier OBJECT_IDENTIFIER { 2.5.29.14 } OCTET_STRING { OCTET_STRING { `329a07b1fabb48f52a309f11a1898f848e23 Massimo, et al. Expires 6 August 2025 [Page 29] Internet-Draft ML-DSA in Certificates February 2025 22ff` } } } } } } SEQUENCE { OBJECT_IDENTIFIER { 2.16.840.1.101.3.4.3.17 } } BIT_STRING { `00` `67a8951fc308e12f6867611fdc254bf4bcb514f7f5f 2fdeb72fa8e1a030061677b84cd275597d83154195966b141670cb0e88113460 d978a1a7a3895c11ca41995775c09d64ddeb47bc87c4e8bf1c9327fc4afd5c37 86553e17d629b0f27142765481432b5e7ccd0ba61e51cad3dd8f95938c235ebe ceeaf8b16ae3366f300c5358ec7be9eb23a1ea1a3da58686704f0483f968a6e4 b1f89670a0134b36a18d6c727dc9b027b12794793a48c7ab66edf57ac1811391 4c00d0a11b65a652f47771337bf743666fca95bcbd39121ae0750bec55ad5a8c bce98e538ae523947d6929976330fca3fc95c01d1403b49e5cba81812f43650d d01310934279ecd07ccab34c2ca30a7d3dd5092e1630e1423cc9fac43a1b4db0 e3d970f0aa66d404ae87b04b4cf72ecfb67eacba4d8cd8e65baeeb47afa11cc2 b8ef8992288667b8edef54a9e2767b632e1498735b28c6f60f08b5969e5e26dd 7ca396b9e5cc3e12a1e73623602328d64a08ef4a29af35711cc870d26373bb1b 9eb2effe12973544c44a7e2cdf203244f53b37a6d523237d89f06f6f5534ed63 113c8f00eff7fdcd509a2d8c7cef29bd3fb186a4c8c362b3d442939a29076ee3 2716b8fae5100d81a07215cdb1c79bddfbdc14f52e37318d1e526db84d160fb8 da1c06dbce15955cdc2d6fd78a2a5a58df239ce366c6d90b32e8bd47fc1fd130 9e86294c0c3b51ce77e6dfb6f6722e68f4c3ff2eb4c346931506e743bb021998 b80f43f6e3d3c9fe54777c0f65800e947f9043290e14b01b63f8e26c30138094 2866c74b4a902ce491c0c950544cf0c6938eacb32eb30266ce82c4d0a36c511e a8ff7c409549a3a8264ca983d8c6d5e035f244243a775758aac992b58844b711 0d3f87c9bba19dd8a8d2ab1294e0555ec4995a548dc56cce35a05dc48aca7555 b1641dde3d197fcdf35d12f09aaf3e6a72775cd18249a21e70edac6710db6a21 e1c0561192dd0119133640cfff20f3187978516bfd6cbe66ce1071b1246f4ba9 37df901b3ed35069eebdfff65459fb9b777ae9298a7a49ac24f4020795de5dee 8dbcf20a241b6e814368f4b8fa42af8be892d9e1e38ae4bf5a47cfd46a398e4b 3186471e24534fb139860b25c63f2dbf85a53d86488c83dff09ae20a9bf83145 f20187f0e822bd475998d3b967011964eed8db9778054efcc6ccb69074bba996 624b4741c5710362de9d4f8de4b10f6db1e9f8098f4024593ea073893cb1fe7b 959c50fefc401b3cacdea8c2a17135ba9df90ab7f31de339a2d6f856c71edcfb 00e5a3d73201fbec4b4a79b9728ad70cda0b898121574f60d959b408c108af1a b0aa47dff372609f3186c063c572cb89089f2a218ea402cb072fcbc895a6a384 78ce402d5082c3e0572c2322cc20996ca968da35d7b2edbc0623be6165090120 5f10271155b539f81d006db8d7b67a4edeef677e6dac9c789be55001574eeea8 797f7f52e4bb021b98e2088dcc8d6934e80dc165d1c714449b0bcfaf325ab596 7b7307ec2937b3492425bf63b8abbd3ed97da1d15b5483fa64cf71a49c4d3b4b 78200d1f509206f2c104bfe3696e3c80036db00a5e11da05a5ff4da0ffb99567 f81399e6ca969b111b6c7b6fce549e6b4d89d459381ea9166e9bb3072089db94 ae0d1afe5f29fce190e77adba643494191cdaba3ead9297c3c606332b74697f1 9c09c4be2a341fd6145129ae856c3abbbc1bb8b05e0b7840ff164414a9da44e5 Massimo, et al. Expires 6 August 2025 [Page 30] Internet-Draft ML-DSA in Certificates February 2025 4146cd4c5de0c4e4ecb2591412b4e7bdc450d06a4ad3a0d1406f306e381ec291 f2c3b3bc49f8b7e048c0ce2734830b48a79d35fcc5a62a9454800a30f4b3eb7a 268bab64c12100d712151bf5f12163bed029e8abf1ca6e7b7b1286a733f532da e511091aab0fffcfd4464ee5663888f9859b44ba765360ffff434f12af1fc6bc cdb5a71947149dc7689dff24d6ba6b63e6cc23140e32934b6e9da765b4332011 8b8a811f89c3d1b7ff21530e77a91cae3557ac7c784ff8263500bc82560030d6 c6e74eee817fc2c63402752e59ef43916d3d83c21686436e9034dda6c974f210 8b174eaa1f73121c9add500cecd8618b302bedad72b62f793bd0f70ba8c5e16c f4abeddd51196816d019517d1e25fb62c9f79d9232fdf1ceec604f8dda5f7145 541c5793b9c5ae1589588a49a6e6174614ea012933a192b3b084725b465bb1a2 2ccb4b60cf3ca142f7683a8267fb6b0a8dc0b3a5f63ab60443f6c7ee70e9b5b0 67adfdc33960f88961e8b6a8a31e61cbc0096888f06346637ecece196291b95e 3b8c579df27010e631eba3634c766a933d7f4e20811946bb87e97f7e7bade957 e4c52d72676af91ac771ec351f36411e2b2cc8327611037cf0df4e3b947a87ef 5e2b57955b137c981105af76d6251cc14cdb3f430ed6b9f514404ce7a69bb000 d5f62c7e876b57f40f262e6a3e6be91ed0af7c8b5b74b160f3c661d735799d5f b47685135c5551f69a09444f5f01295f539a8227d271e4849fbc8906cf57e67e a5e150df5f13b0b412f97b21840b82e4d71739d1bec5ef9e58b047d52dfe0f39 26d5d48a4bb81764e10813070436e8bfaa75dbc90ffb6ecb0604a1338206f347 25c689fcb1687acb444b533d4c4da9846192825c03d9cc9a1685bcdd367b3f41 3b2334ff3096ebc146d7646fac3856b9ba18ed815d8ea941404f7280eeca6021 7c017d4f1467f3ad0e41e31c4ff351b14f59ffc9d19f3dca6c0b8c4d8b10eaa6 e3b8b4c3c1f17d0786f86140d0476db3f3097308d2f3830165192235db185fdd e8d19708c664927fd75529e2911e8114bf73e2e2d8e52f42bf49c62f17188744 2596354fca15a730c97f70b6f60a40456483017ac59f49606479ea17279b782d 6e0d6f2bff01ad626236102e77f8594e179005707fb72f339b6737abab0ae8af 850c380f81e5c40c539bc3bf52c57162f3bc91cc5c97c21cbe67552ba45c231a c2bf836de2a3ae4b1e1b4517d20a546d0cb4bc7207d4ada0783db1ca5dd327c8 c268a3b16ff1eef8a7e4bed382b21d3b4c0f9c9d357558747beecbd470c12bcc 75d63859bcf94a2621700b3b51220dba6edfc8044512e40bce1e32144142329c 76695c045b268a5b7771f2287f2a6e84c4622058c891ed34cb618475056c6460 3f2d7d4720ba83e1d1050c3408d8b3ef086e6a7b6f074df5aca73b2a2bde0844 44b39be566769223373913cab3c8d3ac8cbf168719a8f052d2d6091789386fee 5e1b306d7ec4be2558caa091e2fcc32c355702e971a3f3ac1da421317f3160e2 d7a27b71ed2342065bbf104070c3942494a5257607798a0afb6c3c6cbd9eaf1f 2ff070d233637454762767b839294a6d612282f3e3f496d939ba0b6bbd2dae5e beeef101f232d6e97c2c4dff3f40000000000000000000000000017263843` } } The following is a self-signed certificate for the ML-DSA-65 public key in the previous section. -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE----- MIIVjTCCCIqgAwIBAgIUFZ/+byL9XMQsUk32/V4o0N44804wCwYJYIZIAWUDBAMS MCIxDTALBgNVBAoTBElFVEYxETAPBgNVBAMTCExBTVBTIFdHMB4XDTIwMDIwMzA0 MzIxMFoXDTQwMDEyOTA0MzIxMFowIjENMAsGA1UEChMESUVURjERMA8GA1UEAxMI TEFNUFMgV0cwggeyMAsGCWCGSAFlAwQDEgOCB6EASGg9kZeOMes93biwRzSC0riK X2JZSf2PWKVh5pa9TCfQWzjbsu3wHmZO/YG+HqiTaIzmiqLVHFlY+LvG606J7mfS Massimo, et al. Expires 6 August 2025 [Page 31] Internet-Draft ML-DSA in Certificates February 2025 wDIJVNVyEsrHIp/x1urwOSi9UVEfjYjYR3NsfeJzDVl45UEHExYJeIZ3Eb9VOaC/ xMNQwr5XK68O4uL7Fsz+oIAo2ZrEmuu3WTfdzhEc2rYv/zzqi6IjPR5W+8XFoecm 3mP63SrwFrEZF3+j2XGi2Sdxc/zlW2d0WvC3wh1Zfb65Pmoy80HEmlqL6eglCI0f KqRRVdbIrhU2fk6wA7j994UQcZSXOfn/8JAj6vRRBNKoSkWQbu1GcaRNwo0nmHu1 XfaenoVh9hqApyaZUDhl/tm37nKo4XoZxAgUT0spr+9wMcOm2FcWELQsn0ISRaiP GX4WgSsDEVm2W5aH5bPpNMUiWumKebpz0rOZ1zUQ7/rRnlO4RQ8LqPzhAS/ZjSYK dKqqE/riSaAGscNPW6C4gvJjeCIvs28ig8JD8P/rXxu0FKCnDVXj1ApWtsvIiuHw O3sogtmN7qKOFFyd7f2OrxzvLtlKiwUPiWT0bR6g0MKkPg3aYYKtv09u0XW2dCJX hZvyLzpBfs8fnYkxe15TnVh68WueExPgRRT/pkuos/8rgyH4gRyz+wIsj2ROcKS4 Ci+/7mBKu3N5CR6o5sXHTfwCg2ZrQMB5OHACggShNr9dqVaOt5jTSQOL2wwR4DRF 54R8tQacdc8orGAcd5nZWCEN28siblGv758d5HsHOHPW0/l0Vr7eCFCC50opiyzU j0swkxVfNmyPpgHGr4WN+jLAhJGyopiH+QM1lJpdbtqmeYgqOpXWv22XCiIfS509 jL84SvgarJXisylOBHiayDcnpdwEVZ+Wr0HYoFNRb+7uvFJ0brarKBngkQhxDYNf AR+mMGWHKtM01c3/srIxBQfpL8mTrjF9qX9PMJza8PZ+2Z2QIVV2CDhJ+VOyRtf+ 2z/bZ2eYUKWtQE5kFH+3z09q7d0Fr7S4NJaNH+iAFJYNzl2UIjZSbhKkeNaeX75p cDELMIwGhFAYz8eyq0MKE6axrHuwLMy7PZEawvEQaGE/vgKb/c4Cz1zTiVDtcsg5 RO37x1YVr4f4ZMBR88VUVsVBKGOkDAbR2rVivf8FcbjTw5F7vTAIgLul6Zgjm5X6 kbfWQW1POYs6280wmD7TWStNnvfUI2/QD1DZiqU6I1rEFycg932WFyZymAz+j/el pwJ4PtwroxsiWQFaES/H9GipwvlGQDkALTDvZ4tMt5i8EWIWv3qafBi6A7e1j9B1 FdMRUEnTYUvnoH50QwB1DfHSxYdTOJBZ6vw9eFzN0xwHZIvtwDpcO4rUbQZNWcE9 VzdHKfxOKVNi4qUZEgRTBCi8FSKvoo/1/hZV4wTKW8jCetDgxqOd1N8olWwUs4zJ NoLO/kArvV6C0pxGTkTrXTe0j8Vo3+DMbo4WuuoF5RNVkPGSlOc+g2ewIW27gVAw ud5VkT8IA5xCNRxZ5VFd1a+OCJoV5iXo9t7mOThsRkl9eiYyiHdN5YGn3pYptBtE JBQfl4+4MxII797DxuDeObxXBj89zWxHA3PAiJHqKcvHzG1kg7iIkIOs6GqntRsc LP5uKtGNl842+8VupC+ul+anrBFIZEeMNm3x67HnsRqQmFBP1Zdb3x9J3HAAK2PB c5qdJj+61Ac/ap9sK4r0tMMyoQOgz/pd7rLQYso8IV/TYAJr58UWT0pEJO90lIgE 1m9GSHcyyCAseVR4ZHtOpx1ifAhgJMyjVKQfCHezjxmzd0rSCVyNpTsGniHHauLS AH4WcZ7UAIDTNPfaUun1pZkEOcrwg6lbgz8CrRCgjBptDyYMAHKFvUovR3A6Wu9G UofSU7GKwiUUMWIQ/1ZoFLEPh6KT1vGZ08OVmZDQwSaLT1DV+fzvu/I3vQwouAGC 1mWXQfFPEL+7IbuhKrYgqiOW9WwGhrTqkBeZAiQhay/orXbEqRSO75qGo2Naaqd7 wdz7b7pZp339qbdTDcDKhkjI2XNzjgG6uPCLSQXoSqRkG9YCQQzZdSAmXy8jHys1 4V6y+gTSvZTVp3q68eDhYQEKmQCH9bRuqYiyvAUS/aD6kj2t1sRcUwHQlINnMmW1 qy4Q9LpSD2u61WSlw9Xie9sID30g4TKWoxgZVMOcZJyUPr4X31wfeq4Kj+EmxHdY Wl1NZIoNAItq9ejNMb5pqSltTz/SXthvIh5Lk/ZfWSmWdTNiS5I1dQwwcHVQtYU2 0QmnExxaW75KVxVWfBJTSux2YHYe67n64okcd0WJuA5WatVX3e9zZxlrcifqmHDv Cd3+x51rkxmmh5tSBddr96ulrPM6+1nRf8VOaDg9a+Wgjptm2lPc3gCLspS4WCvR Ms3MSZWf28IeUnIYgMitA1LHnwOkO72ExM39xsUpAF4efNmjSacWijVWm6XeqBiW jVqRRmvW5k4gv2JBcZivxOgcKN137UAoIyOYtS+96GvIT0dbkBZxDOKqvBGga026 yQHsFs82XKPy1TgTlIppOg+T55xGyl1abco9KMpQrRi9E/ylUFndmxhfefnEcZak 6BshBLxGCgUeAvLoRE+jQjBAMA4GA1UdDwEB/wQEAwIBhjAPBgNVHRMBAf8EBTAD AQH/MB0GA1UdDgQWBBQbBWPjzTNGFJyMnrzyOwpOWpAO6jALBglghkgBZQMEAxID ggzuABGBaGipDGaTS9ux0ZxTpqXcMFNf9tzIZpskKErpMQ6aV8eRhwK1+knGM75H XVSS2dfuo5FCaBmpJpq1lPQ0lCtN/LulqD3M01O+evbv3WYJch6O5zkUALRH5Xg9 NKps3fGNrf+wyuCjyJn+D/Y75gWpM25S7jXrsu4vu2TNqlzkyzYehJx6zu3B70QJ 0vfBCLthjdBepjQ33aA5bAgJoIMDd3UUJwtDdeYP+WOf6qRq3CaYEigq/hfBb5sY m6MS6lY8ICDjHve05b2iguECEkeZGXfxSF0w/tIgyhPoRx6PvIuyuVI14a43ttSP zATqALqoA6nUifcgr+RpWMeNQBMTJlc6EnMXxB+H0wq/ZfVmx7ixgTgOm8kIzcHv rO6yQkbyrD4hOXsYN7eabJvuZIpFTPyxfG8kwBUl/8Vrp5hl8z9F1fJU3J8bOUha Massimo, et al. Expires 6 August 2025 [Page 32] Internet-Draft ML-DSA in Certificates February 2025 XmTrHU+gM8oNVrnUHYufcLpJkhiufVWvuXtHsmyvZm9N6nkOCDCkJwUop91d0Pde 2dBHOKcb2L1lWfKy4N43nt9ntldr4s0LieIb1XDFM+eJmMpv6/mb1no7W9koXf+j zIrbeY9nMGvQW+opV2XA8HEYyJ2iaFrAn9bcyO/CFCsyPRchJ7sO6FfSFISEw6ak D3hTCMqSaPYk4THepKBi73/PdKcyVXEZLXFTT1wPv+PacRE4rgPlfpWe+6lOtsZW 8AG+FqzLE1Ag87Hj5W1xmTPC0R/47lnsQ+HVWEfMGtt1kCuWqfA9OkQNyK5ogLkK f1KBYF6Ie5Ay2vw6cKZOlHSmAynwskgqzuPOGAqEUdbomnSbulLH/Xut8YfR0gNH 5q2vzA6lr7Hw6NpCMiH3SJ3+9ST1wDS1KS9HN6gPh8q2Vps67Ezg8BnEsJ2w2Qt1 WfFSXlNtwGZSLLZVcZbk6IRsvg5E19egM7Uozmc621rdZEOU56n24XyWDP3oVJrC y9/m7mMPesIo5+Sa0oZyG9QYf8mjqckUbS8+z1xFX4s+aJB3bk+ACbJBS2EnJUjM Pi2vvQ60nU+euOLxRBBizMkShiWUoAsM/1Gk7OM2WU0mdNPsrWVNih4F0LLsxhBl DBa/7+Kk9X9XqvMaTP+RJU2Z6r0Xhz/0QODSH1aefm2AYCgmv/fUIj8SQsMFxnrb ocarCVc0BbJLMPrQm71SPsVzZCqHwME+aLDMlTE6Mqj4uR8feilTgK8mclcUgLQL CsjAM/xT2B3RGVUSx4W21q0FYPy4L9NCyKMfFOg8+3ChmCg5u6XYKncSHltyoEE8 XVDgEKgxONy5huCYPpDo087Ke1AGg6Br6WTmDGwnXOIzyQNMEJlaOZaCCKUqitfu d+DvAD3+bzk6WTwsj7OMUEeqo5NBUxMR/eWTJRBmVT97f+6SnGld+UBliVi6V/Sx OeTWQMO9ljKd9lMar8uT/WyyvByUCevHzEAe5YiLMezPS8hw7lu4XRhe+3uD5JsX 854zVKOrraOh1t0sZHlxdNO+656htKo4dO5ObGbqp1tWmvWw5VEcX233yqSnN0vj +/0l9lUfS7YOYrCQHtbds+gLlL8ZhpBhdcZd/HLwfuShBdvjwRRmNglG5lKF9G1x qAxLr9ZIuooPKDG9IWD3RRDSuXcBCJcPh1FQ4JVZDgxc2vnraC9ikS7iBdnrcFbM ASjTvoHNuo5j42aqca8dStxXW4WX9gNd1Ld+ItLA2GaBi1EK+mf+f+37xC46xZ/B g/kWxT9HYHF5SwxZ7zszZZLSKykJd0ziUIdeYMgZ4Yo6v08SU51/2ZSzAxQW4TZ6 j88YJBsuX8ariqiCKOTF+lHavSK7RjsaN+McvJ0KR6RZw9iBeO9najevlYT1HxZP KfvVQVWfyhmevOoyo3ZhQP07zORuoXqXOidypQWpY2RS+g7WU+HaFyeFzZAbYFEL M5Eibh16apEtPOXglDKWTiLNdU6ws0T5ymHNgrAZLtq308RhQkTCFR7/yYnlbcMh 9MApe0Z8/aNFEU3jbmTFBRZGYX7tfqJMHgYAaVW6I2u27Ix/bcsLDN+K1hwK1QmH IzpxaAAeSh6fOq7DDcm1ahEuxMZX/mV7SA8a8LQvYMk0KTeuexHw6B+hSipLUReK bMIYSwYS2qMJLkI+TFP7nY4KvPGaKiIIbFDHMTRKH9jS2B+rUiVaDqCMZW7rZ8De EGjGYTb0dnrT0ItmVRypQyi36PyUybAr39Ry7XDdQOJwdXOhq/qrL8IMQOhXgGAV WD3VGVcJAaQHHgEM8nVENxtuDl62S71zn03EKo82x3F7MGnYfDaHFShb1UCRxIC2 SPrAAn8iH31smTl3CD+5HdEBv3xzeY+d/TKL2z1395SOMQNNEwWnJ2tyYwkueRdc 4O1EomIp9vm2gjZiV6nAnqaac87vdzOjGx2u0hLWfR+77tfL2P9q9BAd28yCTAie i+OcgjBG0ooisI9qxAXRFMkgNJtEsoe0Fk37az3MBPOo9jWiPlKfGKn/n8/YcAHk f5z30IiwK/BenYLJPFfWCdXW3OxXOECmPzKmt++iOHjpAeNiGJU8OBvjhHn8oGBx ONb+XmvgNuzOkS6XtcPjt5bzbQBFFXnxiqbW5F9qPfgg28I397cQDI4ysGw460+e hf7lSqfCFUhKENkkpPcUF2eSByni3VLLmdw5WscUk3Ey4kmiouvLk5opVdfJruyR lbuZMTqThXRZMqdxicwEonZZaGzWBFm4MFFRm3oXJ9Nap+1QgIM6uqHVSBwR27rP 7ph5iP93E9L4lr78xUXPlbEq8sB2u/5luvS+jIu01Rjk1U+hIBLML6uOmNTHX8RU AjyQas+bOQ3rhvik2bPaybLzWEhYuDpBaiOyn7aWtZHd5hRmZrobo3WcVBnnWv+p bjn3bKluMhEtnXI4OtOP5TVAGUKP0k2eab5PRhHRvdzg7Zn4DZctA37w+pxwr/TC hXAa2eyUnxhrxv8Hu9FrF8omCRyyW8s4Hmc+WVg16VXQl1bE0WKK1CtRUKQaiNCB Ha6UYRczREGIFYwkY1RMAoQwwSuqeJG3yaPT7ezYSDqEZBAVr6j3RzgNsf0MMk/q VDPOA6g/D99DIB6D9ghUFSgai/1Rvo5eaVs7B9X7c0+qK8H0zusYGDFd5fr9b+7W 9j0Zo54bGu4uAW+7vh7pq8jqOG+L3bMkth8b/7ZsLfkkYCtlqP2VfOL8qwWGzOFL X6k9anNFgd5Ip52e5KvReNCHSKuHp7zrzk/WyVzU81ZLJYHCv4P3RHxStQHMdaqn qxtPEXgX9ORWF2aw8mf9XbXarHrkHOkyhwi+tF7dLxVDPMREJKm1y/jqfSaJP1aP 0es4QSdF5CEBha7oixy00ejqGx5z3HoG6maIAOGUTb/aTQpPR8OmCzccP6rqERwS 6Sl+TznKi6nbbrjRcyDO/9TnM8G1Aj3T0fiU9h2hXJQnD3vuRwI5H8TkRDK4804C MmzKH/pnAWl9UmOl/066Pz4g0XEX/jg8wPKHvnMyd6QbSud5Y1swOqcnperhhkVN Massimo, et al. Expires 6 August 2025 [Page 33] Internet-Draft ML-DSA in Certificates February 2025 +mJqTkSujjFr7EMdkUsG1SK0BeTVS9lSb6iu7bLa2rOha9l/zPI1Fp7WiHqANnOW xgcl3QJHVkvxqijDIrShYlS2bcn8xYL6e1PNxfJCqxEfDJHmkQwYDiqRZpkuMJ2Z 5+uYPCtX6+6bpIrmLBQZFxR/YgFLlF5t5rtHadL3DCjOWyvT0tOhvQfaoeOojgSa rYrm5GzvClE0SF1PPsn/qsFY0s8fpjpVOwuU+E3qi59V6LVZB4NEYn8x8qTsdyeZ +Z+d7LbnsPirvSFU+r/ZUCTP8Rzd2ejH8akGoUepeXgqUXHdqi86jvgoTds8vHUg 7E3OGjBH4my94VaNx6O8HIEhtY6zq2X18IkRvwUhO9dLIUZqYNAgC5n/8NQrxRqi iY0RxJ9UObtef5YlNsNNoXmL4tXvJ9esMNTMFR5bHLlFW5dpfHd2TCzAZKxRPeGr uKQ14KFmXfvcmw18tV7YXNTitPtBb+5osiJIX8GBG91eipxNytxK/qoVqvvfjytS f4Bi0XC/I1E4xQ46UwTvGQKLTtRHyeg3vG+gX5raRK2Ny6IXDJj0scYE79q83TAc uWXH6mJ0D04Edb/ut+2n5xL5VDde/rXlzntbCYTwxa4BbJmYjwQCiKVzDeknXdMj xsV0Euw3Okm3CIQp7biPo7108y5keJll6HEpx7sWT37mNOoj4AFdm79wzEJQhl6p KOo4Bpfj1etTFQAcU6E3weyVD9ROi7WtSBH4EFhFOfgfga1CHD8DHbwDdsa+dhIj 9mORCp7dEUPjt5Qi5mimlqQwYFfCHI+ap6VYsrhpzWr3gPi8EENRsbTUEWWezM/n +BH4UnmFmQY7SGZyeHuDvFNzdNIAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAYNDxMc IA== -----END CERTIFICATE----- SEQUENCE { SEQUENCE { [0] { INTEGER { 2 } } INTEGER { `159ffe6f22fd5cc42c524df6fd5e28d0de38f34e` } SEQUENCE { OBJECT_IDENTIFIER { 2.16.840.1.101.3.4.3.18 } } SEQUENCE { SET { SEQUENCE { # organizationName OBJECT_IDENTIFIER { 2.5.4.10 } PrintableString { "IETF" } } } SET { SEQUENCE { # commonName OBJECT_IDENTIFIER { 2.5.4.3 } PrintableString { "LAMPS WG" } } } } SEQUENCE { UTCTime { "200203043210Z" } UTCTime { "400129043210Z" } } SEQUENCE { SET { Massimo, et al. Expires 6 August 2025 [Page 34] Internet-Draft ML-DSA in Certificates February 2025 SEQUENCE { # organizationName OBJECT_IDENTIFIER { 2.5.4.10 } PrintableString { "IETF" } } } SET { SEQUENCE { # commonName OBJECT_IDENTIFIER { 2.5.4.3 } PrintableString { "LAMPS WG" } } } } SEQUENCE { SEQUENCE { OBJECT_IDENTIFIER { 2.16.840.1.101.3.4.3.18 } } BIT_STRING { `00` `48683d91978e31eb3dddb8b0473482d2b88a5f6 25949fd8f58a561e696bd4c27d05b38dbb2edf01e664efd81be1ea893688ce68 aa2d51c5958f8bbc6eb4e89ee67d2c0320954d57212cac7229ff1d6eaf03928b d51511f8d88d847736c7de2730d5978e5410713160978867711bf5539a0bfc4c 350c2be572baf0ee2e2fb16ccfea08028d99ac49aebb75937ddce111cdab62ff f3cea8ba2233d1e56fbc5c5a1e726de63fadd2af016b119177fa3d971a2d9277 173fce55b67745af0b7c21d597dbeb93e6a32f341c49a5a8be9e825088d1f2aa 45155d6c8ae15367e4eb003b8fdf7851071949739f9fff09023eaf45104d2a84 a45906eed4671a44dc28d27987bb55df69e9e8561f61a80a72699503865fed9b 7ee72a8e17a19c408144f4b29afef7031c3a6d8571610b42c9f421245a88f197 e16812b031159b65b9687e5b3e934c5225ae98a79ba73d2b399d73510effad19 e53b8450f0ba8fce1012fd98d260a74aaaa13fae249a006b1c34f5ba0b882f26 378222fb36f2283c243f0ffeb5f1bb414a0a70d55e3d40a56b6cbc88ae1f03b7 b2882d98deea28e145c9dedfd8eaf1cef2ed94a8b050f8964f46d1ea0d0c2a43 e0dda6182adbf4f6ed175b6742257859bf22f3a417ecf1f9d89317b5e539d587 af16b9e1313e04514ffa64ba8b3ff2b8321f8811cb3fb022c8f644e70a4b80a2 fbfee604abb7379091ea8e6c5c74dfc0283666b40c0793870028204a136bf5da 9568eb798d349038bdb0c11e03445e7847cb5069c75cf28ac601c7799d958210 ddbcb226e51afef9f1de47b073873d6d3f97456bede085082e74a298b2cd48f4 b3093155f366c8fa601c6af858dfa32c08491b2a29887f90335949a5d6edaa67 9882a3a95d6bf6d970a221f4b9d3d8cbf384af81aac95e2b3294e04789ac8372 7a5dc04559f96af41d8a053516feeeebc52746eb6ab2819e09108710d835f011 fa63065872ad334d5cdffb2b2310507e92fc993ae317da97f4f309cdaf0f67ed 99d90215576083849f953b246d7fedb3fdb67679850a5ad404e64147fb7cf4f6 aeddd05afb4b834968d1fe88014960dce5d942236526e12a478d69e5fbe69703 10b308c06845018cfc7b2ab430a13a6b1ac7bb02cccbb3d911ac2f11068613fb e029bfdce02cf5cd38950ed72c83944edfbc75615af87f864c051f3c55456c54 12863a40c06d1dab562bdff0571b8d3c3917bbd300880bba5e998239b95fa91b 7d6416d4f398b3adbcd30983ed3592b4d9ef7d4236fd00f50d98aa53a235ac41 72720f77d96172672980cfe8ff7a5a702783edc2ba31b2259015a112fc7f468a Massimo, et al. Expires 6 August 2025 [Page 35] Internet-Draft ML-DSA in Certificates February 2025 9c2f9464039002d30ef678b4cb798bc116216bf7a9a7c18ba03b7b58fd07515d 3115049d3614be7a07e744300750df1d2c58753389059eafc3d785ccdd31c076 48bedc03a5c3b8ad46d064d59c13d57374729fc4e295362e2a5191204530428b c1522afa28ff5fe1655e304ca5bc8c27ad0e0c6a39dd4df28956c14b38cc9368 2cefe402bbd5e82d29c464e44eb5d37b48fc568dfe0cc6e8e16baea05e513559 0f19294e73e8367b0216dbb815030b9de55913f08039c42351c59e5515dd5af8 e089a15e625e8f6dee639386c46497d7a263288774de581a7de9629b41b44241 41f978fb8331208efdec3c6e0de39bc57063f3dcd6c470373c08891ea29cbc7c c6d6483b8889083ace86aa7b51b1c2cfe6e2ad18d97ce36fbc56ea42fae97e6a 7ac114864478c366df1ebb1e7b11a9098504fd5975bdf1f49dc70002b63c1739 a9d263fbad4073f6a9f6c2b8af4b4c332a103a0cffa5deeb2d062ca3c215fd36 0026be7c5164f4a4424ef74948804d66f46487732c8202c795478647b4ea71d6 27c086024cca354a41f0877b38f19b3774ad2095c8da53b069e21c76ae2d2007 e16719ed40080d334f7da52e9f5a5990439caf083a95b833f02ad10a08c1a6d0 f260c007285bd4a2f47703a5aef465287d253b18ac22514316210ff566814b10 f87a293d6f199d3c3959990d0c1268b4f50d5f9fcefbbf237bd0c28b80182d66 59741f14f10bfbb21bba12ab620aa2396f56c0686b4ea9017990224216b2fe8a d76c4a9148eef9a86a3635a6aa77bc1dcfb6fba59a77dfda9b7530dc0ca8648c 8d973738e01bab8f08b4905e84aa4641bd602410cd97520265f2f231f2b35e15 eb2fa04d2bd94d5a77abaf1e0e161010a990087f5b46ea988b2bc0512fda0fa9 23dadd6c45c5301d09483673265b5ab2e10f4ba520f6bbad564a5c3d5e27bdb0 80f7d20e13296a3181954c39c649c943ebe17df5c1f7aae0a8fe126c477585a5 d4d648a0d008b6af5e8cd31be69a9296d4f3fd25ed86f221e4b93f65f5929967 533624b9235750c30707550b58536d109a7131c5a5bbe4a5715567c12534aec7 660761eebb9fae2891c774589b80e566ad557ddef7367196b7227ea9870ef09d dfec79d6b9319a6879b5205d76bf7aba5acf33afb59d17fc54e68383d6be5a08 e9b66da53dcde008bb294b8582bd132cdcc49959fdbc21e52721880c8ad0352c 79f03a43bbd84c4cdfdc6c529005e1e7cd9a349a7168a35569ba5dea818968d5 a91466bd6e64e20bf62417198afc4e81c28dd77ed4028232398b52fbde86bc84 f475b9016710ce2aabc11a06b4dbac901ec16cf365ca3f2d53813948a693a0f9 3e79c46ca5d5a6dca3d28ca50ad18bd13fca55059dd9b185f79f9c47196a4e81 b2104bc460a051e02f2e8444f` } } [3] { SEQUENCE { SEQUENCE { # keyUsage OBJECT_IDENTIFIER { 2.5.29.15 } BOOLEAN { TRUE } OCTET_STRING { BIT_STRING { b`1000011` } } } SEQUENCE { # basicConstraints OBJECT_IDENTIFIER { 2.5.29.19 } BOOLEAN { TRUE } OCTET_STRING { Massimo, et al. Expires 6 August 2025 [Page 36] Internet-Draft ML-DSA in Certificates February 2025 SEQUENCE { BOOLEAN { TRUE } } } } SEQUENCE { # subjectKeyIdentifier OBJECT_IDENTIFIER { 2.5.29.14 } OCTET_STRING { OCTET_STRING { `1b0563e3cd3346149c8c9ebcf23b0a4e5a90 0eea` } } } } } } SEQUENCE { OBJECT_IDENTIFIER { 2.16.840.1.101.3.4.3.18 } } BIT_STRING { `00` `11816868a90c66934bdbb1d19c53a6a5dc30535ff6d cc8669b24284ae9310e9a57c7918702b5fa49c633be475d5492d9d7eea391426 819a9269ab594f434942b4dfcbba5a83dccd353be7af6efdd6609721e8ee7391 400b447e5783d34aa6cddf18dadffb0cae0a3c899fe0ff63be605a9336e52ee3 5ebb2ee2fbb64cdaa5ce4cb361e849c7aceedc1ef4409d2f7c108bb618dd05ea 63437dda0396c0809a08303777514270b4375e60ff9639feaa46adc269812282 afe17c16f9b189ba312ea563c2020e31ef7b4e5bda282e1021247991977f1485 d30fed220ca13e8471e8fbc8bb2b95235e1ae37b6d48fcc04ea00baa803a9d48 9f720afe46958c78d40131326573a127317c41f87d30abf65f566c7b8b181380 e9bc908cdc1efaceeb24246f2ac3e21397b1837b79a6c9bee648a454cfcb17c6 f24c01525ffc56ba79865f33f45d5f254dc9f1b39485a5e64eb1d4fa033ca0d5 6b9d41d8b9f70ba499218ae7d55afb97b47b26caf666f4dea790e0830a427052 8a7dd5dd0f75ed9d04738a71bd8bd6559f2b2e0de379edf67b6576be2cd0b89e 21bd570c533e78998ca6febf99bd67a3b5bd9285dffa3cc8adb798f67306bd05 bea295765c0f07118c89da2685ac09fd6dcc8efc2142b323d172127bb0ee857d 2148484c3a6a40f785308ca9268f624e131dea4a062ef7fcf74a7325571192d7 1534f5c0fbfe3da711138ae03e57e959efba94eb6c656f001be16accb135020f 3b1e3e56d719933c2d11ff8ee59ec43e1d55847cc1adb75902b96a9f03d3a440 dc8ae6880b90a7f5281605e887b9032dafc3a70a64e9474a60329f0b2482acee 3ce180a8451d6e89a749bba52c7fd7badf187d1d20347e6adafcc0ea5afb1f0e 8da423221f7489dfef524f5c034b5292f4737a80f87cab6569b3aec4ce0f019c 4b09db0d90b7559f1525e536dc066522cb6557196e4e8846cbe0e44d7d7a033b 528ce673adb5add644394e7a9f6e17c960cfde8549ac2cbdfe6ee630f7ac228e 7e49ad286721bd4187fc9a3a9c9146d2f3ecf5c455f8b3e6890776e4f8009b24 14b61272548cc3e2dafbd0eb49d4f9eb8e2f1441062ccc912862594a00b0cff5 1a4ece336594d2674d3ecad654d8a1e05d0b2ecc610650c16bfefe2a4f57f57a af31a4cff91254d99eabd17873ff440e0d21f569e7e6d80602826bff7d4223f1 242c305c67adba1c6ab09573405b24b30fad09bbd523ec573642a87c0c13e68b 0cc95313a32a8f8b91f1f7a295380af2672571480b40b0ac8c033fc53d81dd11 Massimo, et al. Expires 6 August 2025 [Page 37] Internet-Draft ML-DSA in Certificates February 2025 95512c785b6d6ad0560fcb82fd342c8a31f14e83cfb70a1982839bba5d82a771 21e5b72a0413c5d50e010a83138dcb986e0983e90e8d3ceca7b500683a06be96 4e60c6c275ce233c9034c10995a39968208a52a8ad7ee77e0ef003dfe6f393a5 93c2c8fb38c5047aaa39341531311fde593251066553f7b7fee929c695df9406 58958ba57f4b139e4d640c3bd96329df6531aafcb93fd6cb2bc1c9409ebc7cc4 01ee5888b31eccf4bc870ee5bb85d185efb7b83e49b17f39e3354a3abada3a1d 6dd2c64797174d3beeb9ea1b4aa3874ee4e6c66eaa75b569af5b0e5511c5f6df 7caa4a7374be3fbfd25f6551f4bb60e62b0901ed6ddb3e80b94bf1986906175c 65dfc72f07ee4a105dbe3c11466360946e65285f46d71a80c4bafd648ba8a0f2 831bd2160f74510d2b9770108970f875150e095590e0c5cdaf9eb682f62912ee 205d9eb7056cc0128d3be81cdba8e63e366aa71af1d4adc575b8597f6035dd4b 77e22d2c0d866818b510afa67fe7fedfbc42e3ac59fc183f916c53f476071794 b0c59ef3b336592d22b2909774ce250875e60c819e18a3abf4f12539d7fd994b 3031416e1367a8fcf18241b2e5fc6ab8aa88228e4c5fa51dabd22bb463b1a37e 31cbc9d0a47a459c3d88178ef676a37af9584f51f164f29fbd541559fca199eb cea32a3766140fd3bcce46ea17a973a2772a505a9636452fa0ed653e1da17278 5cd901b60510b3391226e1d7a6a912d3ce5e09432964e22cd754eb0b344f9ca6 1cd82b0192edab7d3c4614244c2151effc989e56dc321f4c0297b467cfda3451 14de36e64c5051646617eed7ea24c1e06006955ba236bb6ec8c7f6dcb0b0cdf8 ad61c0ad50987233a7168001e4a1e9f3aaec30dc9b56a112ec4c657fe657b480 f1af0b42f60c9342937ae7b11f0e81fa14a2a4b51178a6cc2184b0612daa3092 e423e4c53fb9d8e0abcf19a2a22086c50c731344a1fd8d2d81fab52255a0ea08 c656eeb67c0de1068c66136f4767ad3d08b66551ca94328b7e8fc94c9b02bdfd 472ed70dd40e2707573a1abfaab2fc20c40e857806015583dd519570901a4071 e010cf27544371b6e0e5eb64bbd739f4dc42a8f36c7717b3069d87c368715285 bd54091c480b648fac0027f221f7d6c993977083fb91dd101bf7c73798f9dfd3 28bdb3d77f7948e31034d1305a7276b7263092e79175ce0ed44a26229f6f9b68 2366257a9c09ea69a73ceef7733a31b1daed212d67d1fbbeed7cbd8ff6af4101 ddbcc824c089e8be39c823046d28a22b08f6ac405d114c920349b44b287b4164 dfb6b3dcc04f3a8f635a23e529f18a9ff9fcfd87001e47f9cf7d088b02bf05e9 d82c93c57d609d5d6dcec573840a63f32a6b7efa23878e901e36218953c381be 38479fca0607138d6fe5e6be036ecce912e97b5c3e3b796f36d00451579f18aa 6d6e45f6a3df820dbc237f7b7100c8e32b06c38eb4f9e85fee54aa7c215484a1 0d924a4f7141767920729e2dd52cb99dc395ac714937132e249a2a2ebcb939a2 955d7c9aeec9195bb99313a9385745932a77189cc04a27659686cd60459b8305 1519b7a1727d35aa7ed5080833abaa1d5481c11dbbacfee987988ff7713d2f89 6befcc545cf95b12af2c076bbfe65baf4be8c8bb4d518e4d54fa12012cc2fab8 e98d4c75fc454023c906acf9b390deb86f8a4d9b3dac9b2f3584858b83a416a2 3b29fb696b591dde6146666ba1ba3759c5419e75affa96e39f76ca96e32112d9 d72383ad38fe5354019428fd24d9e69be4f4611d1bddce0ed99f80d972d037ef 0fa9c70aff4c285701ad9ec949f186bc6ff07bbd16b17ca26091cb25bcb381e6 73e595835e955d09756c4d1628ad42b5150a41a88d0811dae946117334441881 58c2463544c028430c12baa7891b7c9a3d3edecd8483a84641015afa8f747380 db1fd0c324fea5433ce03a83f0fdf43201e83f6085415281a8bfd51be8e5e695 b3b07d5fb734faa2bc1f4ceeb1818315de5fafd6feed6f63d19a39e1b1aee2e0 16fbbbe1ee9abc8ea386f8bddb324b61f1bffb66c2df924602b65a8fd957ce2f cab0586cce14b5fa93d6a734581de48a79d9ee4abd178d08748ab87a7bcebce4 fd6c95cd4f3564b2581c2bf83f7447c52b501cc75aaa7ab1b4f117817f4e4561 Massimo, et al. Expires 6 August 2025 [Page 38] Internet-Draft ML-DSA in Certificates February 2025 766b0f267fd5db5daac7ae41ce9328708beb45edd2f15433cc44424a9b5cbf8e a7d26893f568fd1eb38412745e4210185aee88b1cb4d1e8ea1b1e73dc7a06ea6 68800e1944dbfda4d0a4f47c3a60b371c3faaea111c12e9297e4f39ca8ba9db6 eb8d17320ceffd4e733c1b5023dd3d1f894f61da15c94270f7bee4702391fc4e 44432b8f34e02326cca1ffa6701697d5263a5ff4eba3f3e20d17117fe383cc0f 287be733277a41b4ae779635b303aa727a5eae186454dfa626a4e44ae8e316be c431d914b06d522b405e4d54bd9526fa8aeedb2dadab3a16bd97fccf235169ed 6887a80367396c60725dd0247564bf1aa28c322b4a16254b66dc9fcc582fa7b5 3cdc5f242ab111f0c91e6910c180e2a9166992e309d99e7eb983c2b57ebee9ba 48ae62c141917147f62014b945e6de6bb4769d2f70c28ce5b2bd3d2d3a1bd07d aa1e3a88e049aad8ae6e46cef0a5134485d4f3ec9ffaac158d2cf1fa63a553b0 b94f84dea8b9f55e8b559078344627f31f2a4ec772799f99f9decb6e7b0f8abb d2154fabfd95024cff11cddd9e8c7f1a906a147a979782a5171ddaa2f3a8ef82 84ddb3cbc7520ec4dce1a3047e26cbde1568dc7a3bc1c8121b58eb3ab65f5f08 911bf05213bd74b21466a60d0200b99fff0d42bc51aa2898d11c49f5439bb5e7 f962536c34da1798be2d5ef27d7ac30d4cc151e5b1cb9455b97697c77764c2cc 064ac513de1abb8a435e0a1665dfbdc9b0d7cb55ed85cd4e2b4fb416fee68b22 2485fc1811bdd5e8a9c4dcadc4afeaa15aafbdf8f2b527f8062d170bf235138c 50e3a5304ef19028b4ed447c9e837bc6fa05f9ada44ad8dcba2170c98f4b1c60 4efdabcdd301cb965c7ea62740f4e0475bfeeb7eda7e712f954375efeb5e5ce7 b5b0984f0c5ae016c99988f040288a5730de9275dd323c6c57412ec373a49b70 88429edb88fa3bd74f32e64789965e87129c7bb164f7ee634ea23e0015d9bbf7 0cc4250865ea928ea380697e3d5eb5315001c53a137c1ec950fd44e8bb5ad481 1f810584539f81f81ad421c3f031dbc0376c6be761223f663910a9edd1143e3b 79422e668a696a4306057c21c8f9aa7a558b2b869cd6af780f8bc104351b1b4d 411659ecccfe7f811f852798599063b486672787b83bc537374d200000000000 00000000000000000000000000000000000060d0f131c20` } } The following is a self-signed certificate for the ML-DSA-87 public key in the previous section. -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE----- MIIdMzCCCwqgAwIBAgIUFZ/+byL9XMQsUk32/V4o0N44804wCwYJYIZIAWUDBAMT MCIxDTALBgNVBAoTBElFVEYxETAPBgNVBAMTCExBTVBTIFdHMB4XDTIwMDIwMzA0 MzIxMFoXDTQwMDEyOTA0MzIxMFowIjENMAsGA1UEChMESUVURjERMA8GA1UEAxMI TEFNUFMgV0cwggoyMAsGCWCGSAFlAwQDEwOCCiEAl5K87C8kMGhqgvzPPC9f9mXn cderQbkCWM+n6Q7JcSSnOzI7m6Iatk12fEM/WlIe/+GPhuRqGIlSxEZ+BItynn/E 0RXn5I2hiW1f4RmxDc3e9iyzB5VAdLQjNuUoNt5h2pQfjTfqaKyBBvq+GQcGea9g CFNxIPcHk7jqnMDm57e0yaXHQhxg8kRRuh6TPbGi7hbHlVnyGz0bgwWFCqQq+7E/ H01bn0g1+dh9/OsWLQ70p/3Ey6F0PNHIe7SWfaFsyHZLZWnfjuW9y//ppOBXSOb9 8iWvnk7rd3O2Lo+F+bVrVIlFVRhE+9iYBqSsNpvtLSVhAPaIpq1eCnCYJtxESeke I8VQbmQjYe9aMTcS95vEsxhoYcqFpLqxfn+UPRuKMzqjrnzha0QNYBj54E2vVyXH 8ak/rRpaJ7Z4lb0kmqkWhd4grzLIt+Jox/lod9DIUAETWk8KjxuCZPpuvlo0nYrs rRoWKZzPL9nHuFus4s7TqhJ2umHueO1+XKW2fN1FipNUAw5qu7q/VqCiMW/snbqD tR1C/TFn8eD5CFXVxmUJshAmXcHlTsRLQ7p8+a7xGLRNgJEs51FmpmUeEWzr5JIp pwYsCZMfcavSKT929+/DIVupeAADfljkcL27tDwbBDnq95xU2TtEqsnv6fvhUYdM +ypky+4ozEwP53deXYcPHALlsuPFAEyZXyTJt3nLdTonfQ5x/UJetrwspWzhKdtR Massimo, et al. Expires 6 August 2025 [Page 39] Internet-Draft ML-DSA in Certificates February 2025 9wdA8x5jl2tQxzEul5fXjFsawkpfo0fMkW4Kg/XDtnXNMLgeP6ELk0ROBzl1cczp iyjaUduQVrxyjFsLEYHi+9OHtMeasaX+/s43Fnr3ct2tFOtMOYLaWlnQ6esXPsYx UJEXACejq172qhKcuFhXJ7k1iihQHXE6cvPx2zFxQob5tkCAE68GBF11WS/At91H xz7Zx1sR6dfGn3yt/DKAqQYsUnPEO+HDT4dEiGTOp7XJfW0y9ZvV8lOEZTu1xPqk W+qLiUAoQ+ZFtrkmnivZiN2ssDMyj/sGBFD33wgAU+aWmyUeh17Owyz8WShA1pq2 mnXgazecU12VJmsIL08JyTFiszsNn3MHpOqqUhBEN/7Wb47j6rvUXWeyWoEz9JZG i1K6/9v62T7vGpgYteQuxyJ4ij2NNSn8d30rpXCAHfrgHsiDAoN8H7ngNVcnZF7h BGw/kV9q6C2tT7awNWpGUY/8g0FVw7T+ba+mzIpcz1PHOghJ2NRPfc9ydU5w4bff tEe7TvSdGnGPYXG7ziAJUODOkmEGsVGj6HHVzklzG9ZlCpsMqXLaHF8TbUSCDqY4 PAjzs4TPIzjnicUT9hjMVpSm8M7hBFEeHtfF8joev9ig24QkVTJAFW2/YigxsMZD 0cVRtvP3qY0puFwt4Fpl+mFe7hZJW9kHN2chFbU+kcXZACjPPxqTlToVPeU7RAhO nM/2tzZpOSba7+uy13qlrWibkvMWhmad8W0XFcxY96LPty3RpR6S+CWZOnQCK+fp 62BUZURXCU0Uko8gIV57IirFa1GtvsjYvbaYOXmn46IbRLXRUYypfQtRlfUe1qJD UMiXR+Ht6lG0SOPpFHBUzpJ4c8kNs5TYaIjgff8XdZPW954VIwIgSusDviOGrz4k B4vQKLFon14UfJ9FLIzrAuxZzJ22OgNXbO6v6YI5AjiX2gI2YwpTwN5/Q1oZhpeS +rNue55jV2DwkGnmQy5wADWsKgKHn/8KHhvsUiBHGT2U613x79U+6hFEyniUCFL1 7JcnkEs2bt5PXi0zH61fwoLqLEfpIxQnccPddahzV0h975nl8Y6dntYjwXXQKIjF H4LAeoDVRxazw8K9vi6fCpu6rr601Sk2h2QG9cAOjku9Cl7AV5fmIHxatsiPGmiE Ib0FoRT0194qwkH6Dovt/0f3Yt3L6qkQBPjTHoUJXIEFSZStOCbjRLqWBAgQ/Asq 0d5Iz63gAsYuWkmgcxqzg0S8FjbfFr9gfVaFXlbWhAA8cY5LrZ5aCZl5/N3uscSn d2zTejQXyw4YTinvm8DodHW6ZjvgngCrVi63wPcWX5aam0JBQZjM8b/yosjWiaQU 7OdmKSdmVonpTblh667FYVy8GniVxoUayWFDL/ERjUYH0y753HMtUTM75LTQ4w3e p4TsqL5H50G+nBljHcRwpS703BOk82M/1DTXh8Fwl3tBffWY4dDd5Qa7cdbwvBfs cOOwPNwZZcs2mT9jOwRy5Q0JI6xsZv3x0+ZFnMEh8PX5TQnp289daQ4jIzg4oLrL fGONGyZQpDCM0XG2hVEm0dpnKm7YWo14wob7VvSrPSFJdSgEXGMmLIpCry+YAsU7 e7i+KOeP4LXORfu3oa8aOyio2Ut4kOPIguObyY6fCtdgJb8N0vACmOcUGiJrPXzu QU9gTR4LpU0R1f5YvM6mrXetLowcqs8yRZAUt7kQAbHvqK0XKlI/uONltXcSG/n9 iKLGDCHoIde2rLR6WpleQMrO1cIjuP5t5eGOnS5Yk67+u3quf/GhRiYOLxEOk5Uo IToAJaOOx5qryGGyXrxQmkZ0wTKqrLfgFG8U79Ec/K9Mqk93WnFs4yXgpDWk00nX ILzxN0UK/EUEb8Gh+DqdMpd3pwhOSq2ucSLOlwBZMFKOs8f38RKbNyiHo3EVWjui AaJcvx3LZOfN7gksMUH7VVD+PQ3YLocOV4srRlAIGBE7j2Vpdzxnc4W2mkK3fcun rP/ZX9RFLiOqodN+HaIVHqZY1Ao1lrJ6yfgSncbPBkN3JiS1n09GEjDfRxyiYIfD lC1cZoffYIKDWTWj+Hy3YrDDsdDdpKZTOWW+8be4KS4lTAFNCQ/thXxEwYOcaUwK ZOP62QoR9TRyK27hV08uFJ1V10TeSIcCTghRFDHAYnUOFsdKufMkLy2z/7EqjWEH +qIp1vY3OwfzbTkys72wTBndZOrdf5PDxWTDWKHIHc8cnDHlsGVo+XVEwX3BVpjF yziYOpr8Qng/qnc6UsnYJgaQvp4xVqpbwVCd6j9pWHaVzW/xcrqD5qbYp9a767vN o2cnMZg/ibxYMdw3w/PFxW+sxpfzyyC9Xbrb1wLlSESsL2JpAf4Vnbk9/Udz2P5z ViuEbB/IVtGAJ2KEDrxy15iL3nXLynDTGdMs4MwCU7sq1FVyPuDH9HNs5uZmXFrK MqSBxTg5vCWRZ7AT0EIzle65qq7jIGFJp9VQ1n/F/f5Kilw10lELZkN5q49yhVoq 9Hq84qYyBI6vieXLSojevFOllRA6zOTxz/GKz/B6/h61cWqh5AtjE0w6OulXn6h/ UVvgk8LSnbbWtlyTZh4AY2tZJwTQk8xnFsI0LrGFPUjIXGOsiihURix7d+fjvR6s W8oo/6oAtdNJ+KVHrYdblqjCspEMkwEwmj+ROKVpMRH1WzwAnKlHw538gtmOscqk qcvohfeG+oblW+BiIi+LqQqXQHMyazEhKuzgo0pgo0IwQDAOBgNVHQ8BAf8EBAMC AYYwDwYDVR0TAQH/BAUwAwEB/zAdBgNVHQ4EFgQUiYhnULV8JNs/wBLmHt5ZdTM3 N08wCwYJYIZIAWUDBAMTA4ISFAAIeD1WXvx7l0QPi9mBi0Zr5TjbzO2xNkR9J6d4 3J98fPMtFHVbMPEwhJjZizrOPmedfxNYjxX4PYY9TruXu4HDyatYvtuR87PSAHVt kxXs9T6wDRgeBJDsBw5lsxDAo6W+F6dv2kxmx2hs4ik0JF93wSeygXg0uUgSF8SA w6B7hE/ZvPUteNt674Mc2zqOyOAYWM6dWjDJMtKmfdLk2vA1ph0BubRHI9MHGzil Massimo, et al. Expires 6 August 2025 [Page 40] Internet-Draft ML-DSA in Certificates February 2025 qUj7SkA31jdMX2a/ARe5b/fbWiFtjIjk/AGEqnJqZLR23DBqDolg0vS75lYUGBpR /33bwU5HCHr3hIO7LwVhJOzxki+2hBOApsR61lh/81UPnGFNIopvVtNa7n8Za6ri vIHEVcf48CsSJSN4mdVPkRx3CbtvPC2BXUhu83TE2iBwmdwfz/P1WefFL1rGCkQw E0GYKgp+YoCQipTISdFrNvCYUKgWbTh6aT1dpFi2j93iPhIr857jdrXrBQ3R/K+i KisjM3U9YKiZKrtiAiCSruWJ+bB4HArinzITmfqwNpX4TzgpwoF5B3nxfRzVonee bQVNpxZk/JLWGQwwybcfZHsTRb6awtP7xvWtGu0auCG0f0DBIW6WPzvQ9TyO3ur4 IyvLvz0j/L8CjIRvaEq8M+s5ROIGEs6yYHikv3YR5gBAt63y4+rmL+/b4M4KMELU 4sFtIcwhQ8nVxDX9UjZaBr5mqX4AC4AP423FAO14RQVUdWS6qvHUMRvI/9afQtak Qp7Z4j86AkDWPObDiSsAa9rJjLlc5kBXmijtHLHvMK8WGz2tl8S9pYhbqUjS7mMN yJBUq1NErT6pDEgWFfh8FDUxmZ6Sw2sjSt9giOaPfAPOTI7qgKATCyQ9Dj31/VbT 5vTasSPJLeaf0iK591k/ARkc/YRv+w25A5gR6MpC2N8gMmnDFNf0x7nXwC4o0pqR jDNuJlTGnVLzz9kOEhZs9VNrBn+f1pQS6fLm4YH1SH3He+NIFhs/H9wdIAwtE6iR xDrb5J5FH5IaR6sWUv2ifKUsjFJI4ziifezeYJQJlgcNBnMjUH1vH0soWRGZerAq ZWwfnzt8n7BD+BGIP+88BftaFwPOVndu5vKbY9R+efPMwoN9VFKSxCtCAk/Y4eiM 7QwNIQMMCbwfo794DMwYWGxat9Jql8JzSMFYH5rusNdtqs63fkm5m8SczmKq3xuW D+Gd7ilJA69xJUte2EMhiEty2Z1XBVE944cXeZWwPrwMuuokaa7YOZw/DqObVfcU hnTKj5cS3pARFNnJU9Nr7lJrtThgT6tETGaQEACYm+QWK0z0B3sJisyfXwz76q9Z aX+Z/a6i8AUGBA6GTy8K1aCfawNu5Xdn8iV/qVHhgNP5XX6G3f61RDr8zUY9+Xa3 OCDRsUnw3zhunja9H5UiFQRQa2tzz7T7WW2Bl1R+mQrI3ZsDrNFCh9axwCe2ge4H iQx9D6uf6ldqmEHZYMm3ZdUYYRZ2TsBBjYhzU2y70MO1CAkMXIPxJUaIbE0lrt0d qwmfRr2r4ZuDW+lB0ptXweDrHXQdJf7SHri+n9xK1PH1keemtotpv7ctBzFB6tWe MOJIN7tiVaX3V4YZEvfR19L1vSRkFKoVEYDu0BOagJYAdX6rS+hrlWgoI92/yZ4X dd8lRTAGiC4nc/A+THYT2BcRYSCVIKJjrtdQd1zijq/j93Hs8GWWyx70vx65cfpU 6BsXiakzrQ8PZpDVBq/d4Nd6rslm3oLr17S8PlsQIN/f1rKNJGhP+08sc4Bfs8Pa ZiqnICuEZsxGrfgbvcJwO8jTTblfUORj0U7VQyvDr9bejy4TpfoB3g+JG8s4d8GQ DFBSuxqt42E3CYMqPdpzmUyF485u1UzPMYPB++hhYn4zR14Azf+8RWqaOYQu8L3+ auZWn9SzlaWd19WZGPVnjkD/2pHF5G6Pfu0RU3x2Bw+NbCFzEzw6mDn9WZiag8mA 90gU236/Vv6PKRqXqegczB/KBJwc3Ebs/gUJfv4yKUlcxcquKgYxfIFiYgCgqzVo NYp79pKINC3l6Gf4ARGnjsjxKHApKe7RqGafZlPQjevLY3q0KT82x/l73Ypw88RV jiTfoq/Dq2x+yXY30LYXY1H0X7Bso32t4T7rJxXsj5Rca/2XdiWGw7Gsunkq+VXl k0i3GytZSmCMZ7n4kijyxGrMuNDO3+CQuQh3byLtwQ39NmR7AXdsmlCJ9QA/rb7S gOrcTLbcpYE//xFTsMhwOxWIDYp7OPBYzB/Fv1xFDn3otyHHrWMq2+uwLFhku6nz poWELCBoebvLhNANy3/pu/IGl5LTjRL/cYDAE0BtOB18Uf0Gyb4wjFC0crxJBZ0R apK+BpDvFKtD0cIMdt7fdv/nnjo0bYm484Q6h9h4fAnVnFn0zd9Fx6sZQvxzjA/p ztD8W1WX4ygVcojTBe4ToFRVjpEYTMaIIm46uh1HRZIR/G3eoaKCPRH+Ic+XAD6y YfEV8n/YY9fBm4Gm8SC4RgvumvIXbF7sr3dbhVjm4DqW1NWcVLeavv5yI0vyDCiq FsVUUzvfBNiROMwttD804e/zZSjj0w+ssoI/viPnGgg1f8ewHdGqNavX5TM1V+M9 AzKcvDrHAS4MaZ2yVQXDyhmKSycNG55hx3gtSu+tBr/73TC8AxY77Jm0OYQCibLi bsEG2rSfyAVK90uOEWC6Si9bmS3iCskVPWWw/W31uMXfpeYsXcF0qX3JTr6uTyfx AcJRXxsQAh/uwYLVRQIZjmxsAmVJiD3oUxTgHyxnGXJP2H26E8toIMVGRbK4rYzi 0U7PODhTgP137Rz5h68Ks5sKtIBtVYkMyZ2eFSg1GjPt0aQ4ET0q8cakrgwZqH0s 04E2zzLfJotOLnHaiX/i/hw7zb6HtNTSz5EirsbeoBtsbs5KReXWP6DlvrlhLTKJ 7R1VFe/4P1EhZipOHqacV3pY+aLU2G9L1aym22HEsp8vUnjg2wS0EQ8mYrU2jyGq lXyCLwoDA+yfVv6QMPMC0WssS/Yh7ZGrOTZFuPnHkHxA7OVByKD/NM78uBO/GHsn CvD+Q0ZpS+SxpGv4Bt90T6pIjZ1xEunFQeJzFrm75+8NFa/gb+gh5LXxQBJO4hXa XOmhHYZb+DAXzfq2tAFOMfnaKTB43ffFElTi2pXxmlCNAdyPhGsWUtTeV6clHmOT JA7RQwPjlfsYgHk0Xg+4U/h2zB7bQpDiaEzDUxHoYCxxpXvTpsmoBFkXJ7409vq3 I/SKGW/rxvD5s080T9lwZ5Cj5j0amJy8/fMPjrcfywJGNa3sVo/p05oZTIzS+79q Massimo, et al. Expires 6 August 2025 [Page 41] Internet-Draft ML-DSA in Certificates February 2025 ExOQ3DEenFOBtVQkZrPGCo7rYh5uZTuLUv1d0/jQ8/4/DqlIsMeGLeJeBkwpRzWf olvVijXlzjNndkbQh0FQtyUi7GJB0Z0G2wOAzQ6ovndufPfKDRvVnFWE/s4NuE0a dnoWICnWguQGN9fDeMhHrhheLW3/5OFdVbr9DTX8jX/1b+X6fLwu4YM3GE3GL15Q 3sXNqQYp1sgan+2rJXkBnNSd12v5l/VDvCNZQacBB5Jf8JUVPsYQdyxf1STIDCKN gOeB6GTildIMaJb1Aoh7GO0jB+jurqVuJkljk0llL1CVKOS4DqR316akU4B7JjYb HspvzsTgbFBBZnQsEvikSjWf7ycn009HIB91pwVWKbKDl+V15Myd45rcCPQkELUj L48ue4b98+HrvnNLesuknTCKYVHBNS3i4gsf7QYNXm+1jW8jsoR9xTtnUZuS26YE 5EjzmQVw8JvWX2hVRaAkYs0kxy8veYnL6HsMUtpS7qF3Cq7PfVaNCxvxrtPKj1jz MimeORtEE7bG/roR1DJiF3oqRGzlr8WcSCiHgc+RZ/5aG/QmKcbQlMZTer3qWvS0 o6fx6KPoz/ECbd78KbrjnnUkk2SpU+xSIxu1gTqAs68l78pDgAp0xGZGMvbcGJzC zZVHi1lPxXjqOhWEDpKCK3FmyGEdRkry6NG6pbyvHBZJWJp+sWuIm1Tgt87QuiWl HjT00PFS++aeH0NoLYGl3gX4liixte8QAyfktPs6AjhXYrSrHnIdp/9hczxB1wce gZ7ETAMxFHQzDpemwCSNHdmUGf64OYDyQiqefJBlRpxBA9dr23uFJMTiGRQJX+Je 6hcdiNzifZb3ZJpxfZQVugUTi2ompoX7do91VkiE+jjMm63ha5TbYtH52jzilPPp FzAYVWdqfuez93vQfPuLU94wCCu6zfNPGeHbWq/3oxiO9AjGqckGtCtBGTAD0nOl ppsMpYRLu8uMeBIzCqP5PhVbhoH57fui3bsBHK6TPnKzTREX0m1mWxlTItymNCm9 5Bg8AiVczwxZWHPSXExz2zB9MWXiwL4KYBbIeFpOg9WB7D6w9Z7Xo4Mj2Xcv3zaB iu07SFw4ID+xsBn74K2pCZVDKR8Qb20tBXjFNzTRAZOJRShM5omjWz/5P+LUDgfj ExDlXSHAnL0NtEpk6j8W7S3cJD711uXOtLCoHcBWSrIenYHLwWxWg7rdkRJdi01V HzCRviEV6hIbIUOAM3hsW3a/yMDgch0PvXCQVB07246ZywKaE14u0fbEkFcuYl68 6Dx/oC3yHRaw+5PbgDz2Xr+xOAsbpYRxe2y2X+Yjats2E9SisEQyVN7IPJZ5rYTi YJzUdfLZy5igb9/cxzqIvg+seMakLjUbaYvcMRclaN6uwglk1bxSlhLVgLoKe7y0 Jb/+G/PvGkDrdQTQRrohPgCgcU0RlQ6UsOJJ4+5uC2zbTqMrQCQBGmjlEWChM7Jf mQNCcyVZFqkuo6lPsrz6/MCi6encL4wxld0O58cEuLzV2JYPK9IWD3/TBMEH0ns7 CYT1DeuBOkZ7Bz5jRxSaHPS1MyKJ1jXV0jwnMLMDaKXOPM66YVU0fw3yH2EQRFBb zjgGvY7bqGMkY3xqkhCDC2NmAqg1J7Qe7mDy0t9MfGpXHuhRSEike+sKcgP45Lke T6Z+owIv6dn5QUiEAW5m/khTYWfhLw3FUOgBAEwRqGxbeY4mypsfJYQWJK0jJxN5 CN0jul9l7rEHuL8eT0UhjkTxXnXa6N+eeL7fXmXLEiePFSTUWXwDfUCqEiKtUUBG OT1ffil1nmEIe/Hx05B9LStvIbuKGnCYxTOol8vLiJG1ahvGWrhiW6tm824q/G6w hM2yFZvlQ35cQ3pzjvgK2p6x0IsXPSKjpuTq5rKbMpqTwtxrR5k2Bufs/0BDGDHo OqfGSgnn6ykbGp9nHBT/hRclGwQZtRcJW5f9cBCsWQY742UtJ0FCYuzcL5uRqKRv pYO7RYg2XElC3YJDJo/J9fozQ8vhf8NTnSQ0HVguCkY1OUEueTUH5L5Ifr+cx+Jk dr9eaO7JnmKA/urs8Ffy02AAiQ2rULt/hZsgmFfWeDDgama1Ncp2O6yXm57tMeK5 swlatkq5YcV/amZgyxcq7es9hbyb87n6j8RnPeKBPROO+F4NRW5QHlnbreda3Tas 8Ze69HL2NR8j54AhTbxpR6q7Zz4DPWGqYfmocoX4r7xb+HnJG+qWkvqTP3AQEW8C izLeOXEANQ9YCOF2GmHwg2Gi3Iw88PqvERz0T9/RCI5CiGa+Oli19jjFx2L7J5Ct 6RS+DPYStrO97GuIrM9tGz14xBDAWuURfKECXTLMA6AW8zAjYBjWV5zQuZMLMXou yqK0FJG4JqfSWSJv+DvDvGdmCkxcBiDzO6wDGWpFF65F8z7wHKU7VMzJa3LWjlfO lIn7fepvuNyI+PK9UyvX0am7R29bxNyCTNJHQuVJv93WrokJX7IHOaZXyY7T4bMj yw0yMsWOanzDyh0y7OGhDgXiJS42y2XU0UH/JGGEZbZlEpfNNNOPYcYvMfuOlwww ZTIl7tStk6k0AtZ77tHmw2iu5730yoXlTrKxe72lAdDQlvXLTkdXXw+oxg+O078n Zt5jdDQgFMXYxyqanZgc5scGn3X4Q/uXgZ0QSlhPErGjtIC5/XdAUraYJZNo6lu3 r2dYCUIfo6xun+6+QnoT7OXpb+hc04Ky4QYHq5EYd60H50ogBiHTzC2QLcqDbpK4 rnVLSDqKkbgKCwwRPEiw8SU8WZu5zwG9ygURLGN4obLeSQU8UHyCteEbbpGrstXp AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAQMEhUdHiUs -----END CERTIFICATE----- Massimo, et al. Expires 6 August 2025 [Page 42] Internet-Draft ML-DSA in Certificates February 2025 SEQUENCE { SEQUENCE { [0] { INTEGER { 2 } } INTEGER { `159ffe6f22fd5cc42c524df6fd5e28d0de38f34e` } SEQUENCE { OBJECT_IDENTIFIER { 2.16.840.1.101.3.4.3.19 } } SEQUENCE { SET { SEQUENCE { # organizationName OBJECT_IDENTIFIER { 2.5.4.10 } PrintableString { "IETF" } } } SET { SEQUENCE { # commonName OBJECT_IDENTIFIER { 2.5.4.3 } PrintableString { "LAMPS WG" } } } } SEQUENCE { UTCTime { "200203043210Z" } UTCTime { "400129043210Z" } } SEQUENCE { SET { SEQUENCE { # organizationName OBJECT_IDENTIFIER { 2.5.4.10 } PrintableString { "IETF" } } } SET { SEQUENCE { # commonName OBJECT_IDENTIFIER { 2.5.4.3 } PrintableString { "LAMPS WG" } } } } SEQUENCE { SEQUENCE { OBJECT_IDENTIFIER { 2.16.840.1.101.3.4.3.19 } Massimo, et al. Expires 6 August 2025 [Page 43] Internet-Draft ML-DSA in Certificates February 2025 } BIT_STRING { `00` `9792bcec2f2430686a82fccf3c2f5ff665e771d 7ab41b90258cfa7e90ec97124a73b323b9ba21ab64d767c433f5a521effe18f8 6e46a188952c4467e048b729e7fc4d115e7e48da1896d5fe119b10dcddef62cb 307954074b42336e52836de61da941f8d37ea68ac8106fabe19070679af60085 37120f70793b8ea9cc0e6e7b7b4c9a5c7421c60f24451ba1e933db1a2ee16c79 559f21b3d1b8305850aa42afbb13f1f4d5b9f4835f9d87dfceb162d0ef4a7fdc 4cba1743cd1c87bb4967da16cc8764b6569df8ee5bdcbffe9a4e05748e6fdf22 5af9e4eeb7773b62e8f85f9b56b548945551844fbd89806a4ac369bed2d25610 0f688a6ad5e0a709826dc4449e91e23c5506e642361ef5a313712f79bc4b3186 861ca85a4bab17e7f943d1b8a333aa3ae7ce16b440d6018f9e04daf5725c7f1a 93fad1a5a27b67895bd249aa91685de20af32c8b7e268c7f96877d0c85001135 a4f0a8f1b8264fa6ebe5a349d8aecad1a16299ccf2fd9c7b85bace2ced3aa127 6ba61ee78ed7e5ca5b67cdd458a9354030e6abbbabf56a0a2316fec9dba83b51 d42fd3167f1e0f90855d5c66509b210265dc1e54ec44b43ba7cf9aef118b44d8 0912ce75166a6651e116cebe49229a7062c09931f71abd2293f76f7efc3215ba 97800037e58e470bdbbb43c1b0439eaf79c54d93b44aac9efe9fbe151874cfb2 a64cbee28cc4c0fe7775e5d870f1c02e5b2e3c5004c995f24c9b779cb753a277 d0e71fd425eb6bc2ca56ce129db51f70740f31e63976b50c7312e9797d78c5b1 ac24a5fa347cc916e0a83f5c3b675cd30b81e3fa10b93444e07397571cce98b2 8da51db9056bc728c5b0b1181e2fbd387b4c79ab1a5fefece37167af772ddad1 4eb4c3982da5a59d0e9eb173ec6315091170027a3ab5ef6aa129cb8585727b93 58a28501d713a72f3f1db31714286f9b6408013af06045d75592fc0b7dd47c73 ed9c75b11e9d7c69f7cadfc3280a9062c5273c43be1c34f87448864cea7b5c97 d6d32f59bd5f25384653bb5c4faa45bea8b89402843e645b6b9269e2bd988dda cb033328ffb060450f7df080053e6969b251e875ecec32cfc592840d69ab69a7 5e06b379c535d95266b082f4f09c93162b33b0d9f7307a4eaaa52104437fed66 f8ee3eabbd45d67b25a8133f496468b52baffdbfad93eef1a9818b5e42ec7227 88a3d8d3529fc777d2ba570801dfae01ec88302837c1fb9e0355727645ee1046 c3f915f6ae82dad4fb6b0356a46518ffc834155c3b4fe6dafa6cc8a5ccf53c73 a0849d8d44f7dcf72754e70e1b7dfb447bb4ef49d1a718f6171bbce200950e0c e926106b151a3e871d5ce49731bd6650a9b0ca972da1c5f136d44820ea6383c0 8f3b384cf2338e789c513f618cc5694a6f0cee104511e1ed7c5f23a1ebfd8a0d b8424553240156dbf622831b0c643d1c551b6f3f7a98d29b85c2de05a65fa615 eee16495bd90737672115b53e91c5d90028cf3f1a93953a153de53b44084e9cc ff6b736693926daefebb2d77aa5ad689b92f31686669df16d1715cc58f7a2cfb 72dd1a51e92f825993a74022be7e9eb6054654457094d14928f20215e7b222ac 56b51adbec8d8bdb6983979a7e3a21b44b5d1518ca97d0b5195f51ed6a24350c 89747e1edea51b448e3e9147054ce927873c90db394d86888e07dff177593d6f 79e152302204aeb03be2386af3e24078bd028b1689f5e147c9f452c8ceb02ec5 9cc9db63a03576ceeafe98239023897da0236630a53c0de7f435a19869792fab 36e7b9e635760f09069e6432e700035ac2a02879fff0a1e1bec522047193d94e b5df1efd53eea1144ca78940852f5ec9727904b366ede4f5e2d331fad5fc282e a2c47e923142771c3dd75a87357487def99e5f18e9d9ed623c175d02888c51f8 2c07a80d54716b3c3c2bdbe2e9f0a9bbaaebeb4d52936876406f5c00e8e4bbd0 a5ec05797e6207c5ab6c88f1a688421bd05a114f4d7de2ac241fa0e8bedff47f 762ddcbeaa91004f8d31e85095c81054994ad3826e344ba96040810fc0b2ad1d e48cfade002c62e5a49a0731ab38344bc1636df16bf607d56855e56d684003c7 Massimo, et al. Expires 6 August 2025 [Page 44] Internet-Draft ML-DSA in Certificates February 2025 18e4bad9e5a099979fcddeeb1c4a7776cd37a3417cb0e184e29ef9bc0e87475b a663be09e00ab562eb7c0f7165f969a9b42414198ccf1bff2a2c8d689a414ece 7662927665689e94db961ebaec5615cbc1a7895c6851ac961432ff1118d4607d 32ef9dc732d51333be4b4d0e30ddea784eca8be47e741be9c19631dc470a52ef 4dc13a4f3633fd434d787c170977b417df598e1d0dde506bb71d6f0bc17ec70e 3b03cdc1965cb36993f633b0472e50d0923ac6c66fdf1d3e6459cc121f0f5f94 d09e9dbcf5d690e23233838a0bacb7c638d1b2650a4308cd171b6855126d1da6 72a6ed85a8d78c286fb56f4ab3d21497528045c63262c8a42af2f9802c53b7bb 8be28e78fe0b5ce45fbb7a1af1a3b28a8d94b7890e3c882e39bc98e9f0ad7602 5bf0dd2f00298e7141a226b3d7cee414f604d1e0ba54d11d5fe58bccea6ad77a d2e8c1caacf32459014b7b91001b1efa8ad172a523fb8e365b577121bf9fd88a 2c60c21e821d7b6acb47a5a995e40caced5c223b8fe6de5e18e9d2e5893aefeb b7aae7ff1a146260e2f110e939528213a0025a38ec79aabc861b25ebc509a467 4c132aaacb7e0146f14efd11cfcaf4caa4f775a716ce325e0a435a4d349d720b cf137450afc45046fc1a1f83a9d329777a7084e4aadae7122ce97005930528eb 3c7f7f1129b372887a371155a3ba201a25cbf1dcb64e7cdee092c3141fb5550f e3d0dd82e870e578b2b46500818113b8f6569773c677385b69a42b77dcba7acf fd95fd4452e23aaa1d37e1da2151ea658d40a3596b27ac9f8129dc6cf0643772 624b59f4f461230df471ca26087c3942d5c6687df6082835935a3f87cb762b0c 3b1d0dda4a6533965bef1b7b8292e254c014d090fed857c44c1839c694c0a64e 3fad90a11f534722b6ee1574f2e149d55d744de4887024e08511431c062750e1 6c74ab9f3242f2db3ffb12a8d6107faa229d6f6373b07f36d3932b3bdb04c19d d64eadd7f93c3c564c358a1c81dcf1c9c31e5b06568f97544c17dc15698c5cb3 8983a9afc42783faa773a52c9d8260690be9e3156aa5bc1509dea3f69587695c d6ff172ba83e6a6d8a7d6bbebbbcda3672731983f89bc5831dc37c3f3c5c56fa cc697f3cb20bd5dbadbd702e54844ac2f626901fe159db93dfd4773d8fe73562 b846c1fc856d1802762840ebc72d7988bde75cbca70d319d32ce0cc0253bb2ad 455723ee0c7f4736ce6e6665c5aca32a481c53839bc259167b013d0423395eeb 9aaaee3206149a7d550d67fc5fdfe4a8a5c35d2510b664379ab8f72855a2af47 abce2a632048eaf89e5cb4a88debc53a595103acce4f1cff18acff07afe1eb57 16aa1e40b63134c3a3ae9579fa87f515be093c2d29db6d6b65c93661e00636b5 92704d093cc6716c2342eb1853d48c85c63ac8a2854462c7b77e7e3bd1eac5bc a28ffaa00b5d349f8a547ad875b96a8c2b2910c9301309a3f9138a5693111f55 b3c009ca947c39dfc82d98eb1caa4a9cbe885f786fa86e55be062222f8ba90a9 74073326b31212aece0a34a60` } } [3] { SEQUENCE { SEQUENCE { # keyUsage OBJECT_IDENTIFIER { 2.5.29.15 } BOOLEAN { TRUE } OCTET_STRING { BIT_STRING { b`1000011` } } } SEQUENCE { # basicConstraints Massimo, et al. Expires 6 August 2025 [Page 45] Internet-Draft ML-DSA in Certificates February 2025 OBJECT_IDENTIFIER { 2.5.29.19 } BOOLEAN { TRUE } OCTET_STRING { SEQUENCE { BOOLEAN { TRUE } } } } SEQUENCE { # subjectKeyIdentifier OBJECT_IDENTIFIER { 2.5.29.14 } OCTET_STRING { OCTET_STRING { `89886750b57c24db3fc012e61ede59753337 374f` } } } } } } SEQUENCE { OBJECT_IDENTIFIER { 2.16.840.1.101.3.4.3.19 } } BIT_STRING { `00` `08783d565efc7b97440f8bd9818b466be538dbccedb 136447d27a778dc9f7c7cf32d14755b30f1308498d98b3ace3e679d7f13588f1 5f83d863d4ebb97bb81c3c9ab58bedb91f3b3d200756d9315ecf53eb00d181e0 490ec070e65b310c0a3a5be17a76fda4c66c7686ce22934245f77c127b281783 4b9481217c480c3a07b844fd9bcf52d78db7aef831cdb3a8ec8e01858ce9d5a3 0c932d2a67dd2e4daf035a61d01b9b44723d3071b38a5a948fb4a4037d6374c5 f66bf0117b96ff7db5a216d8c88e4fc0184aa726a64b476dc306a0e8960d2f4b be65614181a51ff7ddbc14e47087af78483bb2f056124ecf1922fb6841380a6c 47ad6587ff3550f9c614d228a6f56d35aee7f196baae2bc81c455c7f8f02b122 5237899d54f911c7709bb6f3c2d815d486ef374c4da207099dc1fcff3f559e7c 52f5ac60a44301341982a0a7e6280908a94c849d16b36f09850a8166d387a693 d5da458b68fdde23e122bf39ee376b5eb050dd1fcafa22a2b2333753d60a8992 abb62022092aee589f9b0781c0ae29f321399fab03695f84f3829c281790779f 17d1cd5a2779e6d054da71664fc92d6190c30c9b71f647b1345be9ac2d3fbc6f 5ad1aed1ab821b47f40c1216e963f3bd0f53c8edeeaf8232bcbbf3d23fcbf028 c846f684abc33eb3944e20612ceb26078a4bf7611e60040b7adf2e3eae62fefd be0ce0a3042d4e2c16d21cc2143c9d5c435fd52365a06be66a97e000b800fe36 dc500ed784505547564baaaf1d4311bc8ffd69f42d6a4429ed9e23f3a0240d63 ce6c3892b006bdac98cb95ce640579a28ed1cb1ef30af161b3dad97c4bda5885 ba948d2ee630dc89054ab5344ad3ea90c481615f87c143531999e92c36b234ad f6088e68f7c03ce4c8eea80a0130b243d0e3df5fd56d3e6f4dab123c92de69fd 222b9f7593f01191cfd846ffb0db9039811e8ca42d8df203269c314d7f4c7b9d 7c02e28d29a918c336e2654c69d52f3cfd90e12166cf5536b067f9fd69412e9f 2e6e181f5487dc77be348161b3f1fdc1d200c2d13a891c43adbe49e451f921a4 7ab1652fda27ca52c8c5248e338a27decde60940996070d067323507d6f1f4b2 85911997ab02a656c1f9f3b7c9fb043f811883fef3c05fb5a1703ce56776ee6f Massimo, et al. Expires 6 August 2025 [Page 46] Internet-Draft ML-DSA in Certificates February 2025 29b63d47e79f3ccc2837d545292c42b42024fd8e1e88ced0c0d21030c09bc1fa 3bf780ccc18586c5ab7d26a97c27348c1581f9aeeb0d76daaceb77e49b99bc49 cce62aadf1b960fe19dee294903af71254b5ed84321884b72d99d5705513de38 7177995b03ebc0cbaea2469aed8399c3f0ea39b55f7148674ca8f9712de90111 4d9c953d36bee526bb538604fab444c66901000989be4162b4cf4077b098acc9 f5f0cfbeaaf59697f99fdaea2f00506040e864f2f0ad5a09f6b036ee57767f22 57fa951e180d3f95d7e86ddfeb5443afccd463df976b73820d1b149f0df386e9 e36bd1f95221504506b6b73cfb4fb596d8197547e990ac8dd9b03acd14287d6b 1c027b681ee07890c7d0fab9fea576a9841d960c9b765d5186116764ec0418d8 873536cbbd0c3b508090c5c83f12546886c4d25aedd1dab099f46bdabe19b835 be941d29b57c1e0eb1d741d25fed21eb8be9fdc4ad4f1f591e7a6b68b69bfb72 d073141ead59e30e24837bb6255a5f757861912f7d1d7d2f5bd246414aa15118 0eed0139a809600757eab4be86b95682823ddbfc99e1775df25453006882e277 3f03e4c7613d8171161209520a263aed750775ce28eafe3f771ecf06596cb1ef 4bf1eb971fa54e81b1789a933ad0f0f6690d506afdde0d77aaec966de82ebd7b 4bc3e5b1020dfdfd6b28d24684ffb4f2c73805fb3c3da662aa7202b8466cc46a df81bbdc2703bc8d34db95f50e463d14ed5432bc3afd6de8f2e13a5fa01de0f8 91bcb3877c1900c5052bb1aade3613709832a3dda73994c85e3ce6ed54ccf318 3c1fbe861627e33475e00cdffbc456a9a39842ef0bdfe6ae6569fd4b395a59dd 7d59918f5678e40ffda91c5e46e8f7eed11537c76070f8d6c2173133c3a9839f d59989a83c980f74814db7ebf56fe8f291a97a9e81ccc1fca049c1cdc46ecfe0 5097efe3229495cc5caae2a06317c81626200a0ab3568358a7bf69288342de5e 867f80111a78ec8f128702929eed1a8669f6653d08debcb637ab4293f36c7f97 bdd8a70f3c4558e24dfa2afc3ab6c7ec97637d0b6176351f45fb06ca37dade13 eeb2715ec8f945c6bfd97762586c3b1acba792af955e59348b71b2b594a608c6 7b9f89228f2c46accb8d0cedfe090b908776f22edc10dfd36647b01776c9a508 9f5003fadbed280eadc4cb6dca5813fff1153b0c8703b15880d8a7b38f058cc1 fc5bf5c450e7de8b721c7ad632adbebb02c5864bba9f3a685842c206879bbcb8 4d00dcb7fe9bbf2069792d38d12ff7180c013406d381d7c51fd06c9be308c50b 472bc49059d116a92be0690ef14ab43d1c20c76dedf76ffe79e3a346d89b8f38 43a87d8787c09d59c59f4cddf45c7ab1942fc738c0fe9ced0fc5b5597e328157 288d305ee13a054558e91184cc688226e3aba1d47459211fc6ddea1a2823d11f e21cf97003eb261f115f27fd863d7c19b81a6f120b8460bee9af2176c5eecaf7 75b8558e6e03a96d4d59c54b79abefe72234bf20c28aa16c554533bdf04d8913 8cc2db43f34e1eff36528e3d30facb2823fbe23e71a08357fc7b01dd1aa35abd 7e5333557e33d03329cbc3ac7012e0c699db25505c3ca198a4b270d1b9e61c77 82d4aefad06bffbdd30bc03163bec99b439840289b2e26ec106dab49fc8054af 74b8e1160ba4a2f5b992de20ac9153d65b0fd6df5b8c5dfa5e62c5dc174a97dc 94ebeae4f27f101c2515f1b10021feec182d54502198e6c6c026549883de8531 4e01f2c6719724fd87dba13cb6820c54645b2b8ad8ce2d14ecf38385380fd77e d1cf987af0ab39b0ab4806d55890cc99d9e1528351a33edd1a438113d2af1c6a 4ae0c19a87d2cd38136cf32df268b4e2e71da897fe2fe1c3bcdbe87b4d4d2cf9 122aec6dea01b6c6ece4a45e5d63fa0e5beb9612d3289ed1d5515eff83f51216 62a4e1ea69c577a58f9a2d4d86f4bd5aca6db61c4b29f2f5278e0db04b4110f2 662b5368f21aa957c822f0a0303ec9f56fe9030f302d16b2c4bf621ed91ab393 645b8f9c7907c40ece541c8a0ff34cefcb813bf187b270af0fe4346694be4b1a 46bf806df744faa488d9d7112e9c541e27316b9bbe7ef0d15afe06fe821e4b5f 140124ee215da5ce9a11d865bf83017cdfab6b4014e31f9da293078ddf7c5125 Massimo, et al. Expires 6 August 2025 [Page 47] Internet-Draft ML-DSA in Certificates February 2025 4e2da95f19a508d01dc8f846b1652d4de57a7251e6393240ed14303e395fb188 079345e0fb853f876cc1edb4290e2684cc35311e8602c71a57bd3a6c9a804591 727be34f6fab723f48a196febc6f0f9b34f344fd9706790a3e63d1a989cbcfdf 30f8eb71fcb024635adec568fe9d39a194c8cd2fbbf6a131390dc311e9c5381b 5542466b3c60a8eeb621e6e653b8b52fd5dd3f8d0f3fe3f0ea948b0c7862de25 e064c2947359fa25bd58a35e5ce33677646d0874150b72522ec6241d19d06db0 380cd0ea8be776e7cf7ca0d1bd59c5584fece0db84d1a767a162029d682e4063 7d7c378c847ae185e2d6dffe4e15d55bafd0d35fc8d7ff56fe5fa7cbc2ee1833 7184dc62f5e50dec5cda90629d6c81a9fedab2579019cd49dd76bf997f543bc2 35941a70107925ff095153ec610772c5fd524c80c228d80e781e864e295d20c6 896f502887b18ed2307e8eeaea56e2649639349652f509528e4b80ea477d7a6a 453807b26361b1eca6fcec4e06c504166742c12f8a44a359fef2727d34f47201 f75a7055629b28397e575e4cc9de39adc08f42410b5232f8f2e7b86fdf3e1ebb e734b7acba49d308a6151c1352de2e20b1fed060d5e6fb58d6f23b2847dc53b6 7519b92dba604e448f3990570f09bd65f685545a02462cd24c72f2f7989cbe87 b0c52da52eea1770aaecf7d568d0b1bf1aed3ca8f58f332299e391b4413b6c6f eba11d43262177a2a446ce5afc59c48288781cf9167fe5a1bf42629c6d094c65 37abdea5af4b4a3a7f1e8a3e8cff1026ddefc29bae39e75249364a953ec52231 bb5813a80b3af25efca43800a74c4664632f6dc189cc2cd95478b594fc578ea3 a15840e92822b7166c8611d464af2e8d1baa5bcaf1c1649589a7eb16b889b54e 0b7ced0ba25a51e34f4d0f152fbe69e1f43682d81a5de05f89628b1b5ef10032 7e4b4fb3a02385762b4ab1e721da7ff61733c41d7071e819ec44c03311474330 e97a6c0248d1dd99419feb83980f2422a9e7c9065469c4103d76bdb7b8524c4e 21914095fe25eea171d88dce27d96f7649a717d9415ba05138b6a26a685fb768 f75564884fa38cc9bade16b94db62d1f9da3ce294f3e917301855676a7ee7b3f 77bd07cfb8b53de30082bbacdf34f19e1db5aaff7a3188ef408c6a9c906b42b4 1193003d273a5a69b0ca5844bbbcb8c7812330aa3f93e155b8681f9edfba2ddb b011cae933e72b34d1117d26d665b195322dca63429bde4183c02255ccf0c595 873d25c4c73db307d3165e2c0be0a6016c8785a4e83d581ec3eb0f59ed7a3832 3d9772fdf36818aed3b485c38203fb1b019fbe0ada9099543291f106f6d2d057 8c53734d101938945284ce689a35b3ff93fe2d40e07e31310e55d21c09cbd0db 44a64ea3f16ed2ddc243ef5d6e5ceb4b0a81dc0564ab21e9d81cbc16c5683bad d91125d8b4d551f3091be2115ea121b21438033786c5b76bfc8c0e0721d0fbd7 090541d3bdb8e99cb029a135e2ed1f6c490572e625ebce83c7fa02df21d16b0f b93db803cf65ebfb1380b1ba584717b6cb65fe6236adb3613d4a2b0443254dec 83c9679ad84e2609cd475f2d9cb98a06fdfdcc73a88be0fac78c6a42e351b698 bdc31172568deaec20964d5bc529612d580ba0a7bbcb425bffe1bf3ef1a40eb7 504d046ba213e00a0714d11950e94b0e249e3ee6e0b6cdb4ea32b4024011a68e 51160a133b25f99034273255916a92ea3a94fb2bcfafcc0a2e9e9dc2f8c3195d d0ee7c704b8bcd5d8960f2bd2160f7fd304c107d27b3b0984f50deb813a467b0 73e6347149a1cf4b5332289d635d5d23c2730b30368a5ce3cceba6155347f0df 21f611044505bce3806bd8edba86324637c6a9210830b636602a83527b41eee6 0f2d2df4c7c6a571ee8514848a47beb0a7203f8e4b91e4fa67ea3022fe9d9f94 14884016e66fe48536167e12f0dc550e801004c11a86c5b798e26ca9b1f25841 624ad2327137908dd23ba5f65eeb107b8bf1e4f45218e44f15e75dae8df9e78b edf5e65cb12278f1524d4597c037d40aa1222ad514046393d5f7e29759e61087 bf1f1d3907d2d2b6f21bb8a1a7098c533a897cbcb8891b56a1bc65ab8625bab6 6f36e2afc6eb084cdb2159be5437e5c437a738ef80ada9eb1d08b173d22a3a6e Massimo, et al. Expires 6 August 2025 [Page 48] Internet-Draft ML-DSA in Certificates February 2025 4eae6b29b329a93c2dc6b47993606e7ecff40431831e83aa7c64a09e7eb291b1 a9f671c14ff8517251b0419b517095b97fd7010ac59063be3652d27414262ecd c2f9b91a8a46fa583bb4588365c4942dd8243268fc9f5fa3343cbe17fc3539d2 4341d582e0a463539412e793507e4be487ebf9cc7e26476bf5e68eec99e6280f eeaecf057f2d36000890dab50bb7f859b209857d67830e06a66b535ca763bac9 79b9eed31e2b9b3095ab64ab961c57f6a6660cb172aedeb3d85bc9bf3b9fa8fc 4673de2813d138ef85e0d456e501e59dbade75add36acf197baf472f6351f23e 780214dbc6947aabb673e033d61aa61f9a87285f8afbc5bf879c91bea9692fa9 33f7010116f028b32de397100350f5808e1761a61f08361a2dc8c3cf0faaf111 cf44fdfd1088e428866be3a58b5f638c5c762fb2790ade914be0cf612b6b3bde c6b88accf6d1b3d78c410c05ae5117ca1025d32cc03a016f330236018d6579cd 0b9930b317a2ecaa2b41491b826a7d259226ff83bc3bc67660a4c5c0620f33ba c03196a4517ae45f33ef01ca53b54ccc96b72d68e57ce9489fb7dea6fb8dc88f 8f2bd532bd7d1a9bb476f5bc4dc824cd24742e549bfddd6ae89095fb20739a65 7c98ed3e1b323cb0d3232c58e6a7cc3ca1d32ece1a10e05e2252e36cb65d4d14 1ff24618465b6651297cd34d38f61c62f31fb8e970c30653225eed4ad93a9340 2d67beed1e6c368aee7bdf4ca85e54eb2b17bbda501d0d096f5cb4e47575f0fa 8c60f8ed3bf2766de6374342014c5d8c72a9a9d981ce6c7069f75f843fb97819 d104a584f12b1a3b480b9fd774052b698259368ea5bb7af675809421fa3ac6e9 feebe427a13ece5e96fe85cd382b2e10607ab911877ad07e74a200621d3cc2d9 02dca836e92b8ae754b483a8a91b80a0b0c113c48b0f1253c599bb9cf01bdca0 5112c6378a1b2de49053c507c82b5e11b6e91abb2d5e90000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000040c12151d1e252c` } } Appendix D. Pre-hashing (ExternalMu-ML-DSA) Some applications require pre-hashing, where the signature generation process can be separated into a pre-hash step and a core signature step in order to ease operational requirements around large or inconsistently-sized payloads. Pre-hashing can be performed at the protocol layer, but not all protocols support it. Examples in [RFC5280] are certificates and CRLs; these do not include message digesting before signing. This can make signing large CRLs or a high volume of certificates with large public keys challenging. As mentioned in the introduction, pure ML-DSA signing itself supports a pre-hashing flow by splitting the operation over two modules. In this section, we make this "ExternalMu-ML-DSA" more explicit. There are two steps. First an ExternalMu-ML-DSA.Prehash() followed by ExternalMu-ML-DSA.Sign(). Together these are functionally equivalent to ML-DSA.Sign() from [FIPS204] in that used in sequence they create exactly the same signatures as regular pure ML-DSA, which can be verified by the unmodified ML-DSA.Verify(). Massimo, et al. Expires 6 August 2025 [Page 49] Internet-Draft ML-DSA in Certificates February 2025 An ML-DSA key and certificate can be used with either ML-DSA or ExternalMu-ML-DSA interchangeably. Note that ExternalMu-ML-DSA describes a different signature API from ML-DSA and therefore might require explicit support from hardware or software cryptographic modules. Note that the signing mode defined here is different from HashML-DSA defined in Section 5.4 of [FIPS204]. This specification uses exclusively ExternalMu-ML-DSA for pre-hashed use cases. See Section 8.1 for additional discussion of why HashML-DSA is disallowed in PKIX. All functions and notation used in Figure 2 and Figure 3 are defined in [FIPS204]. External operations: ExternalMu-ML-DSA.Prehash(pk, M, ctx): if |ctx| > 255 then return error # return an error indication if the context string is # too long end if M' = BytesToBits(IntegerToBytes(0, 1) ∥ IntegerToBytes(|ctx|, 1) || ctx) || M mu = H(BytesToBits(H(pk, 64)) || M', 64) return mu Figure 2: External steps of ExternalMu-ML-DSA Internal operations: Massimo, et al. Expires 6 August 2025 [Page 50] Internet-Draft ML-DSA in Certificates February 2025 ExternalMu-ML-DSA.Sign(sk, mu): if |mu| != 512 then return error # return an error indication if the input mu is not # 64 bytes (512 bits). end if rnd = rand(32) # for the optional deterministic variant, # set rnd to all zeroes if rnd = NULL then return error # return an error indication if random bit # generation failed end if sigma = ExternalMu-ML-DSA.Sign_internal(sk, mu, rnd) return sigma ExternalMu-ML-DSA.Sign_internal(sk, mu, rnd): # mu is passed as argument instead of M' ... identical to FIPS 204 Algorithm 7, but with Line 6 removed. Figure 3: Internal steps of ExternalMu-ML-DSA ExternalMu-ML-DSA requires the public key, or its prehash, as input to the pre-digesting function. This assumes the signer generating the pre-hash is in possession of the public key before signing and is different from conventional pre-hashing which only requires the message and the hash function as input. Security-wise, during the signing operation of pure (or "one-step") ML-DSA, the cryptographic module extracts the public key hash tr from the secret key object, and thus there is no possibility of mismatch between tr and sk. In ExternalMu-ML-DSA, the public key or its hash needs to be provided to the Prehash() routine indpedendly of the secret key, and while the exact mechanism by which it is delivered will be implementation-specific, it does open a windown for mismatches between tr and sk. First, this will produce a signature which will fail to verify under the intended public key since a compliant Verify() routine will independently compute tr from the public key. Implementors should pay careful attention to how the public key or its hash is delivered to the ExternalMu-ML- DSA.Prehash() routine, and from where they are sourcing this data. Acknowledgments We would like to thank ... for their insightful comments. Authors' Addresses Massimo, et al. Expires 6 August 2025 [Page 51] Internet-Draft ML-DSA in Certificates February 2025 Jake Massimo AWS United States of America Email: jakemas@amazon.com Panos Kampanakis AWS United States of America Email: kpanos@amazon.com Sean Turner sn3rd Email: sean@sn3rd.com Bas Westerbaan Cloudflare Email: bas@cloudflare.com Massimo, et al. Expires 6 August 2025 [Page 52]